CHAPTER-III
Conceptual Background of the Study
3.1. INTRODUCTION
The tribal population is identified as the aboriginal inhabitants of our country. For centuries, they have been living a simple life based on the natural environment and have developed cultural patterns congenial to their physical and social environment. References to of such tribal groups are found even in the literature on the ancient period, right from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata periods. According to L.P. Vithyarthi tribe is a social group with definite territory, common name, common descent, common culture, and behavior of an endogamous group, common taboos, and existence of distinctive social and political system, full faith in leaders and self-sufficiency in their
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It is generally applied to a community or a cluster of communities characterized by a common territory, language and cultural heritage, on an inferior technological level (Singh 1972:265). According to Majumdar, a tribe is a collection of families or groups of families bearing a Common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language, and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have developed a well-assessed system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligation (Majumdar 1977-71)
3.3. Tribal Development in Indian Perspectives Tribals in India are an inseparable part of the total population of the country. India has the second largest concentration of tribal people anywhere in the world except perhaps in Africa1. The prominent tribal population covers around 15 percent of the total geographical area of the country. They have their presence in all states and union territories except Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi and Pondicherry2. The tribal are the children of nation and their life style is conditioned by the ecosystem. India due to its diverse ecosystems has a wide variety of tribal population throughout its length and breath. The areas inhabited by the tribal constitute a significant part of the under developed areas of the country. The Tribals live mostly in isolated villages or hamlets. Tribal development
A lot of people have tribes, and almost every tribe is different. In rules, looks, and meanings. There are two specific tribes to learn about today. That is the Apache tribe and the Lakota tribe. There are many similarities and differences.
Independence and selfishness are not standards in such communities or tribes, and consequently security results from selfless loyalty towards others in the tribe. This kind of attitude towards others that demonstrates allegiance to one's people is prominent among people such as the Indians in the west.
This paper addresses the results of interviews, observations, and research of life in the Ottawa tribe, how they see themselves and others in society and in the tribe. I mainly focused on The Little River Band of Ottawa Indian tribe. I researched their languages, pecking order, and interviewed to discover the rituals, and traditions that they believe in. In this essay I revealed how they see themselves in society. How they see other people, how they see each other, what their values were, what a typical day was etc. I initially suspected that I would have got different responses from these questions but in reality the results in the questions were almost completely the same. I studied this topic because mostly all the people that are close to me are associated in the Ottawa tribe. I additionally love the Native American culture, I feel it is beautiful and has a free concept.
Cree Indians The Cree indians are a big tribe of Native Americans who lived in parts of North America. They also stayed in the Rocky Mountains and places along the Atlantic Coast. The Cree indians heavily populated Quebec and Saskatchewan in Canada. Between Canada and the United States, there are about 200,000 (registered) Cree indians. The number may be a little higher for those that are not registered.
One reason for the lack of communication and cooperation between different groups of Native Americans was the instituted political system. The Indian political system was broken up into three main levels. These “three levels of social connections” (5) were clans, villages and tribes. Clans were led by their eldest members, villages were ran by sachems who referred to the counsel of elders and communal approval and tribes were headed by one or more sachems who were advised by clan and village members in order to act according to community compromise. In the Native American political system men and women were both permitted to serve as sachems and provide political guidance on important communal issues. Although this system tended to promote unity within individual ...
All tribes view health holistically, defining health to be physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually well.
In old, but not so ancient times, native americans populated our land widely with different tribes diverged. One of the most widely known and popular tribes was named the Cherokee tribe and was formed as early as 1657. Their history is vast and deep, and today we will zone into four major points of their culture: their social organizations and political hierarchy, the tribe’s communication and language, a second form of communication in their arts and literature, and the Cherokee’s religion.
For many years, Native Americans have faced horrible social and political mistreatment and discrimination from white Americans. Many Native Americans still deal with discrimination in the United States today. This section of the paper will describe and explain the general history involving the Native American reservations.
The religion of the Ojibwe is centered on a belief of a single creating force but according the Minnesota Historical Society the religion also, “Incorporated a wide pantheon of spirits that played specific roles in the universe.” These different spirits took on different roles, some to protect the Ojibwe hunters, protection from illness and while in battle. Each person had a personal guardian spirit which was one of their most important. Their guardian spirit would come to them in a dream or vision and could be called on for protection and guidance. The tribe also had spiritual leaders, which were feared and respected because of their supernatural powers that could be used for good, or evil. Dreams were related to religion and spirit guides. Natives believed dreams carried great significance and that they would provide visions of their future and how to live their lives. The Ojibwe would go on annual fasts to renew the vision of their lives and reflect.
Community takes high precedence over self in Native American culture. They are a collectivist culture which means the tribe members will work as a whole to raise children and help one another (Hodgins & Hodgins, 2013, p. 449). Native Americans view many tribe member s as close family. The concept of family “stretches far beyond the concept of the traditional nuclear family in Western culture” (Lettenberger-Klein, Fish, & Hecker, 2013, p. 149).
People have been living in America for countless years, even before Europeans had discovered and populated it. These people, named Native Americans or American Indians, have a unique and singular culture and lifestyle unlike any other. Native Americans were divided into several groups or tribes. Each one tribe developed an own language, housing, clothing, and other cultural aspects. As we take a look into their society’s customs we can learn additional information about the lives of these indigenous people of the United States.
Australia’s Indigenous people are thought to have reached the continent between 60 000 and 80 000 years ago. Over the thousands of years since then, a complex customary legal system have developed, strongly linked to the notion of kinship and based on oral tradition. The indigenous people were not seen as have a political culture or system for law. They were denied the access to basic human right e.g., the right to land ownership. Their cultural values of indigenous people became lost. They lost their traditional lifestyle and became disconnected socially. This means that they were unable to pass down their heritage and also were disconnected from the new occupants of the land.
Native American religion tends to center around nature. The scene, creatures, plants, and other natural components assume a noteworthy part in the religion of Native Americans. Many of the legends passed down were an attempt to explain events that occurred in nature. Native American religion incorporates various practices, services, and conventions. These services might be to pay tribute to various occasions. The act of taking certain psychedelic drugs was usually used to increase more prominent knowledge or speak with the divine beings. Functions may incorporate feasts, music, dances, and different exhibitions. Imagery, particularly with creatures, is frequently a typical piece of Native American religion. Creatures were utilized to speak
Every society has its own origin and significance. Angami tribes are One of the well accepted is that the Naga Tribes in naga land and are one of the most powerful society who have inhabited the Naga Hills for several centuries. Though there is no real evidences to identify the real origin of this tribel society, there are certain beliefs and theories. J.H Hutton, who served as an administrator from 1917-1935 in Naga Hills, recorded that the Angami people are the first tribal society who have been settled in Northeast India. To clarify the real origin of this angami society, a study case was conducted with the head and local people of the villages. In that survey, it was found that the society had their own folk
The current manifestations of the caste system are now far more generalized across the Indian subcontinent than was the case in former times. Caste as we now recognize has been endangered, shaped and perpetuated by comparatively recent political and social developments. This is evident even i...