Tribal economy
There have been many attempts to classify the tribal economy by various scholars.The following is a broad classification on the basis of the activities of the tribals:
1. Food-gathering - The Andamanese , Birhor , Chenchu , Juang , Kadar etc. are the major food-gathering tribes of India who depend on hunting and collection of fruits and roots from the forests. But some section of few tribes may be having a different livelihoods.
2. Pastoral – The examples of tribes who have this type of economy are the Bhutias of North India and Todas of South India.
3. Shifting – hill cultivation- This type of primitive dry cultivation is done by The Abor , Baiga , Garo , Khasi , Khond , Mismi , Naga etc.
4. Cultivation – Cultivation is followed by the major tribal communities of India like the Bhil , Bhumij , Gond , Ho, Munda , Oraon , Santal etc.
5. Handicrafts – Many of the tribals are skilled artisans and make various objects with materials collected from the forests like bamboo,
6. Trade and commerce
7. Labour (Chaudhari, 1983)
The socio – economic condition of tribals is backward when compared to others because many of them even now continue in the pastoral or shifting cultivation stage of economy. As the population pressure was increased forests was cleared and agriculture advanced making it possible to grow more crops. But even then agriculture in tribal areas has remained of a subsistent level due to lack of irrigation facilities and technological and institutional factors. (Devendra Thakur, 1997, p. 24)
We can see why this is so. The tribal economy and forests are interlinked to each other. The forest regions are generally inhabited by tribals especially primitive tribes who are at an earlier stage of economic d...
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...hich divided it into wholly excluded areas administered by the governor and partly excluded areas which had representatives in the provincial legislature. The Simon Commission was critical of this approach as it felt that this kind of a system deprives tribal areas of opportunities and suggested that it should be dealt with at the central level rather than leaving it at the hands of provincial governments and missionaries. This suggestion was not implemented and instead in 1936 the Excluded and partly excluded areas order under the government of India Act, 1935 was passed. This made the existing classification universal across the country. ‘ Areas along the national borders were called as “ tribal areas “ and the backward tribes order of 1936 was passed to ensure that additional protection was given to some of the tribal groups living in this region. (Verma, 1996)
o They grow crops and have herds yet are all based on kinship and are don't have developed markets or governments.
Have you ever wondered how the lives of the coastal and plateau Indians are affected by their environment?Or how they only lived of the land and their natural surroundings? Well the Umatilla and Puyallup tribes lived of the land successfully and did it with there surroundings.The Puyallup tribe of the coast and the Umatilla tribe of the plateau interacted with their environment differently and similarly to provide food, shelter, and clothing for their people.
developed. Indians have sought to develop kinship ties to to develop those same traits and
Throughout ancient history, many indigenous tribes and cultures have shown a common trait of being hunter/gatherer societies, relying solely on what nature had to offer. The geographical location influenced all aspects of tribal life including, spirituality, healing philosophy and healing practices. Despite vast differences in the geographical location, reports show various similarities relating to the spirituality, healing philosophy and healing practices of indigenous tribal cultures.
In India, for example, caste systems are used. The lowest caste is called Shudra, the Shudra are the unskilled and semi-skilled workers. They receive next to nothing for very labor intensive jobs such as farming and factory work. The caste after that is called the Vaishya. The Vaishya are businessmen and are more powerful than the Shudra. They still are paid very little and work in jobs such as market stalls. Th...
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Cherokee villages were made up of groups of relatives that included members of at least four clans. They grew their own crops outside their villages, alt...
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Different anthropologists such as Nowak and Laird (2010), and Butler (2006), recommended that these residents of jungles contain an exclusive background; position, morals and everyday life is entirely through big adjustment. It can be said that the Mbuti people live in their own world. This paper will discuss the kinship system and the social organization of the culture as far as how they practice equal sharing of food after engaging in hunting and gathering. This paper will also discuss how the Mbuti culture uses gender relation to determine their hunting ages.
Pandey, T. N., 2014. Lecture 1/9/14: Culture of India: Aryan and Indigenous Population. Cultures of India. U.C. Santa Cruz.
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