ENERGY RETROFITS METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with understanding the basics and theory of retrofits. It presents a service wise detailed methodology for carrying out retrofitting of a building for energy conservation. WHAT IS RETROFITTING OVERVIEW Retrofitting refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems. According to the USGBC, green retrofits are any kind of upgrade at an existing building that is wholly or partially occupied to improve energy and environmental performance, reduce water use and improve the comfort and quality of the space in terms of natural light, air quality and noise all done in a way that it is financially beneficial to the owner. Then, the building and its equipment must be maintained to sustain these improvements over time. A true retrofit requires a fact based benchmarked, quantitatively oriented, energy efficiency retrofit with a clear payback period analysis on an integrated multi component effort with performance guarantees. BENEFITS OF ENERGY RETROFITS Comprehensive retrofits can reduce annual energy consumption and costs by 20% on average. Retrofits pay for themselves over time with paybacks from most measures ranging from one to 10 years. New equipment and lower operating costs can increase competitiveness. Many measures can help make the building more healthy and comfortable. Using less energy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, thereby contributing to a cleaner environment. ESTABLISHING AN ENERGY CONSERVATION GOAL When energy was cheap and easy to come by, cities were developed with little regard for energy consumption, in terms of travel patterns, use of renewable resources and energy efficient building materials and methods. As the a... ... middle of paper ... ...system important. - The number of occupants higher which can make egress difficult, hence measures must be taken. - Automation systems control can be thought of. - Sprinkler system, with wet riser and dry riser systems, fire extinguishers and alarm system important. - The number of occupants higher which can make egress difficult, hence measures must be taken. - Automation systems control can be thought of. CONCLUSION In this chapter, the theory of retrofitting, its benefits and its overall methodology has been discussed. A service-wise detailed methodology for carrying out retrofitting of a building for energy conservation, for helping the designer understand the processes of implementation of retrofit measures in an existing building. This can be followed up by a detailed study of the various retrofitting techniques, which has been discussed in following chapter.
It was felt that it was better for diseased people to stay outside of the prison walls so the sickness would not spread to the others. The penitentiary was not equipped to deal with death because it had no cemetery but still had to pay for a gravedigger if someone died on the inside.
LEED, or Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design, is a certification program for green buildings with stringent requirements for building energy efficient and environmentally responsible structures. Some requirements of this program include specific building materials, smart grid capable, gray water reclamation systems, green space minimums, high levels of insulation and low thermal transfer glass (US Green Building Council). Green buildings are a must if we are to sustain our current level of growth. Despite the higher initial cost of these buildings, the long term energy savings make these buildings a smarter choice for
The most impressive room in the building was the registry room. It measured 200 feet by 100 feet, and had an impressive fifty-six foot arched ceiling. Twelve narrow aisles, divided by iron bars, channeled new arrivals to be examined by doctors at the front of the room. The officials who worked at the island, however, were not impressed by the architecture. In fact, they constantly complained of leaky roofs, and other problems within the building.
are forced to go directly in or out, which is not human like. This is
Even though prison overcrowding may help prisons make money from its inmates. Prison overcrowding has resulted in an increased number of dangerous prisons, prisons are less sanitary, and the cost to house inmates has increased.
hazardous or unsafe for the inmates. Poor living condition and lack of safety within these prisons are
Three walls of the house. One toilet seat and one toilet. Bars made of mild steel and a lock only accessible to men who government calls authority figures. Prison systems are known for three things: to protect the people, to punish the criminal and to rehabilitate the prisoner so that a crime will not be further committed. However, it has been causing ongoing controversy on whether or not it has been stripping away the earned rights of citizens or indeed helping them become “better” for society.
Overcrowding is a problem that is not only seen in for profit facilities, but in all facilities. If there was funding to provide more housing units for the inmates there would be less staff and inmate assaults. I feel that this is a huge negative factor in the for profit setting, it is bad enough that staff and inmate assaults happen as often as they do in state and federal facilities. If more staff are taken out of the equation, it increases the likelihood of staff and inmate assaults.
the number of boarding gates by at least 25 percent. It is also intended to increase the
fence or a locked door, but as distinct and scary as the high walls, thick bars
Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objects of sustainability are to reduce consumption of non-renewable resources, minimal waste, and create healthy, productive environments (“Sustainable Design”). Focusing primarily on the sustainable design principles, there are five, including: low-impact materials, energy efficiency, quality and durability, design for reuse and recycling, and renewability. As sustainability appears to become the necessary trend in architecture, the question concerning the cost versus outcome of “going green” really an investment or a waste of time and money comes to mind. With our research provided below, we believe the expenses may truly be with the investment in the end.
A green building (also referred to as sustainable building or green construction) is a structure that employs an approach that is responsible for the environment besides being efficient in regard to resources all through its life cycle: This is from selecting the site to designing it, constructing, operating, maintaining, renovating and demolishing it. To achieve this, the client, the engineers, the architects and the entire design team closely cooperate at all stages of a project (Yan and Paliniotis, 2006). Practicing Green Building complements and expands the conventional building design areas of comfort, durability, utility and economy.
"Green Building: Advantages & Disadvantages." Green Building: Advantages & Disadvantages. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. .
Another important aspect of green architecture is the integration of energy efficient mechanical systems and conservation methods. Green buildings are designed to reduce or eliminate the dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, green designs further help to minimize waste through the use of gray water recycling and other sustainable energy strategies. Grey water is conserved or saved to be recycled to water gardens.
...h there were a number of rooms separated and specified for certain activities, it is not enough. Each of them has a potential of risk, and again that is as a result of their ignorance. Nonetheless, if they work more concentrating on personal and place hygiene. Inspection and observation for everything including documents and records. The more improvement they will get.