In 1998, the concept of RNA interference (RNAi) was first discovered and added to the complexity of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in cells (Fire, 1998). The RNAi phenomenon was originally discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans where the injection of double-stranded RNA resulted in the decreased expression of genes with highly homologous sequences to the injected nucleic acid sequence. In the first step of the mechanism of RNAi, double stranded RNA is converted cleaved into short, 21 to 24 nucleotide long small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Elbashir, 2001). RNA cleavage is catalyzed by the enzyme Dicer, an endonuclease of the RNase III family (Layzer, 2004). The resultant siRNAs contain 3'-hydroxyl termini and a 5'-phosphate …show more content…
However, at times researchers may need to create siRNAs that are more flexible in terms of recognition of a complementary strand or create siRNAs that can decrease duplex stability. In 2009, researchers from Denmark introduced the concept of unlocked nucleic acids (UNA) for use in siRNAs (Langkjaaer, 2009). UNA is an acyclic analogue of RNA where the bond between the C2’ and C3’ atoms of the ribose ring has been cleaved. Despite the missing bond connecting these two atoms, the UNA nucleic acids are still able to mimic the A-form of RNA structurally when incorporated into RNA duplexes. This separation between C2’ and C3’ introduces a greater degree of flexibility in the modified monomers, which contributes to the UNA monomers promoting destabilization of the siRNA duplex. They have been used in siRNA strands to improve strand selection and decrease expression of specific genes. A recent article, looked at incorporating UNA modifications at the 5’ end of siRNAs and seeing whether or not it could increase strand potency and reduce off-target effects (Snead, 2013). From previous work, they knew that placing a UNA at the first or second position of one strand of a siRNA would impair the gene-silencing ability of the modified strand. They observed that the 5’ UNA-modified siRNAs was able to block the phosphorylation of 5’-OH synthetic siRNAs, which is a crucial step for siRNAs to be loaded into the RISC to initiate gene silencing. The UNA modification prevented gene silencing of the modified strand, but improved silencing potency of the unmodified strand. This conclusion demonstrates how UNA modifications may be important in a therapeutic context, such as if a virus were to cause a cell to produce siRNas with undesired strand selection properties and poor silencing. The UNA modifications of a synthetic siRNA would be able
The book Into The Wild, written by Jon Krakauer, tells the story of Chris McCandless a young man who abandoned his life in search of something more meaningful than a materialistic society. In 1992 Chris gave his $ 25,000 savings to charity, abandoned his car and most of his possessions, and burned all of his money to chase his dream. Chris’s legacy was to live in simplicity, to find his purpose, and to chase his dreams.
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
In order to do this a polymer of DNA “unzips” into its two strands, a coding strand (left strand) and a template strand (right strand). Nucleotides of a molecule known as mRNA (messenger RNA) then temporarily bonds to the template strand and join together in the same way as nucleotides of DNA. Messenger RNA has a similar structure to that of DNA only it is single stranded. Like DNA, mRNA is made up of nucleotides again consisting of a phosphate, a sugar, and an organic nitrogenous base. However, unlike in DNA, the sugar in a nucleotide of mRNA is different (Ribose) and the nitrogenous base Thymine is replaced by a new base found in RNA known as Uracil (U)3b and like Thymine can only bond to its complimentary base Adenine. As a result of how it bonds to the DNA’s template strand, the mRNA strand formed is almost identical to the coding strand of DNA apart from these
Hall, Linley Erin. “Understanding Genetics DNA and RNA.” New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2011. Print. 01 Apr. 2014.
Crispr is now being used in a variety of ways, one of which include using ...
Nikitina, E. G., Urazova, L. N., & Stegny, V. N. (2012). MicroRNAs and Human Cancer.Experimental Oncology, 34(1), 2-8. Retrieved from http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/eol/2012_1/002.pdf
Trafton, A. (2013, June 23). MIT News. Enhancing RNA Interference, pp. 1-2. Retrieved 12 16, 2013, from http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/enhancing-rna-interference-0623.html
Threshold 5 tackles the beginning of life on Earth. This is where any living things are characterized by metabolism, homeostasis, and reproduction. Over time, the genetic makeup of any living thing change so later generations being slightly different. This results into diversification and the evolution of certain species that best suit their environment. However, threshold 5 also deals with the idea of dealing with the “natural world.” It may seem that the environment is almost entirely man-made but the “natural world” is still a huge part of the environment. This can be simple as the earth on the ground, the air that people breathe in, or even the sun that provides the heat and light to the planet. However, as human technology progresses the “natural world” becomes less and less apparent in the world today.
Genetic engineering depends on the location and analysis of genes on chromosomes and ultimately DNA sequencing. The early cartography of the genes used the principles of Mendelian genetics . It is assumed that alleles that are transmitted together side by side are located on the same chromosome : it is said that are connected or linkage . These genes form a bridging group - linkage group : are the same for gametes and are usually transmitted together , so they do not have independent distribution. Crossing-over occurring during meiosis may cause these alleles can be exchanged between the chromosomes of a homologous pair .
"The aim is to decrease the fear of a brave new world and to encourage people to be more proactive about their health. It [Gene therapy] will help humans become better physically and even mentally and extend human life. It is the future” (Hulbert). Dr. Hulbert, a genetic engineer, couldn’t be anymore right; more time, money, and research needs to be put into gene therapy and genetic engineering, since it can cure certain illness and diseases that are incurable with modern medicine, has fewer side-effects than conventional drugs or surgery, and allows humans to be stronger physically and mentally at birth. Gene therapy or genetic engineering is the development and application of scientific methods, procedures, and technologies that permit direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population (NIH). It essentially means that we can change DNA to make an organism better. Genetic engineering is used with animals and plants every day; for example with genetic...
micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNas with approximately 20 nucleotides in length. They control gene expression during post-transcription by binding to 3’ or 5’ untranslated regions of the target mRNAs, which prevent translation, or mRNA degradation.
Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the changes in the environment (Campbell and Reece, 2008). Of a cell’s entire genome, only 15% will be expressed, and in multicellular organisms the genes active will vary according to their specialization. (Fletcher, Ivor & Winter, 2007).
Synthetic biology, also known as synbio, is a new form of research that began in the year 2000. The Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC Group) says that synthetic biology is bringing together “engineering and the life sciences in order to design and construct new biological parts, devices and systems that do not currently exist in the natural world’ (Synthetic Biology). Synthetic biology is aiming to create safer medicines, clean energy, and help the environment through synthetically engineered medicines, biofuels, and food. Because synthetic biology has only existed for fourteen years, there is controversy involving its engineering ethics. In this literature review, I am going to summarize and correlate the International Association for Synthetic Biology (IASB) Code of Conduct for Gene Synthesis, the impact of synthetic biology on people and the environment, and the philosophical debates.
I stumbled on my life’s passion while reading a comic book in 9th grade. Not just any comic book, but an MIT comic book, Adventures in Synthetic Biology, written by Dr. Drew Endy. I came away knowing that I would pursue a career in synthetic biology. Synthetic biology is what used to be called genetic engineering.
The myriad mysteries of science can be unraveled by the emerging technologies including Biotechnology. Science has always been my interest and forte thus, the choice of Biotechnology as my academic option was the ideal decision. I had prepared for the highly competitive entrance exam AIET to get admission into the integrated Masters Degree in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics at Dr. D.Y. Patil University and secured 87th all over India rank and was proud to gain admission to this venerated university. The academic curriculum has introduced me to amazing subjects like ‘Microbiology’, ‘Molecular Biology’, ‘Biochemistry’, ‘Genetics’ and ‘Industrial Biotechnology’. Although many seminal biological events have been explained in theory during the past century, the technology to harness their potential for benefiting humankind has only been possible during the past few decades. This is testament to the great improvements in biotechnologies and I am glad to be a part of this grand scientific experience.