Luxan Thavarajah
ID NUMBER : 1394161
Assignment I
Metallurgy of the RMS Titanic
Introduction
In 19th century, Titanic was the largest moving man-made object in world. And it was the largest luxurious ship in the world has shown the cost of wrong material selection, inappropriate design and unsuitable technology used. Even though a gigantic iceberg caused the titanic to sink inferior materials used in the applications, wrong reverts design, and in quality irons that used in application also forced the ships to sink so quickly. (Reference: metallurgy of the RMS titanic, Tim Foecke)
Materials used in the applications of the Titanic
Mild steels, manganese sulfide, wrought iron are the materials used in the application of the titanic found from the researches. (References: metallurgy of the RMS titanic Tim Foecke). The steel fracture which was taken from a hull material recovered from the wreck site of the titanic had incorporative slag (a by-product of smelting) in concentration as high as 9%. But high quality rivets only contains about 2-3 %. Slags helps by preventing the iron from starching so the iron can take up the load applied in the body. At the same time slags give the character of brittleness to the iron, therefore more slag in the iron makes the iron more the brittleness which makes the iron weaker. Irons with the incorporated slags were found in stern and bows allowed the impact with iceberg even though it’s small one ...
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...escape from the crash.
Recommendation
More appropriate design can be made with the high technology and equipment we have in the modern world. The bow and stern parts of the ship equipment we have in the modern world. The bow and stern parts of the ship should be designed to handle huge amount of pressure. This will prevent from more pressure being acting on strong parts of the ship.
To make the steel stronger and reduce the ductile – brittleness transition temperature composition of the steel should Reduce the amount of sag ( a by-product of smelting) by 2-3%
Use higher manganese content and lower sulphur content to get a higher Mn: S ratio to reduce the ductile- brittle transition temperature by reasonable amount
Lower phosphorus, oxygen, and sulphur contents will also help to achieve a lower ductile- brittle transition temperature
Titanic and the SS Maheno. The well know ship “The Titanic” now lies 3,800 m under water off the shore of Newfoundland where it sunk back in 1912 after colliding with an iceberg, the ship is now rapidly rusting and disintegrating. The SS Maheno is a major tourist attraction that lies on the east coast of Fraser Island, Australia. It was a trading ship between New Zealand and Australia from years 1905 to 1935, and also participated in World War I for the New Zealand Naval Force. The wreck was left there to disintegrate after the owners refused to pay to move it. Corrosion is ‘a chemical process by which a metal is oxidised. ’ (corrosionist.com). Iron is the only metal that rusts and occurs out of the chemical processes, oxidation and reduction. In most cases, corrosion of iron occurs when the metal is losing its electrons, this is oxidising. Another cause behind the occurrence of rusting is ‘rust eating bacteria’ at deep enough levels of the ocean. And finally, abiotic factors such as salinity, pH and oxygen levels have an impact on the rusting or shipwrecks. The last cause to be discussed is environmental effects such as salinity, pH and oxygen levels.
When the Merrimac came into view, she fought the Cumberland and ended up destroying it. The shell burst into the rail and knocked down nine men of the Cumberland. In the end, the Merrimac destroyed the Cumberland. But no ship in the navy ever fought as hard or as brave as the Cumberland did. Once the word got around about the ironclad everyone started to make them.
The Early Modern Era saw great change in the field of naval technology. Exploration and the desire to expand trade fueled the development of new, more effective naval vessels. These vessels, in turn, contributed to the growth of worldwide trade and interconnection that marked the period.
First of all the Titanic was uniqely built. The Titanic was built by the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff. It was made out of 2,000 steel plates and three million rivets. The chief designer of the Titanic was Thomas Andrews. It was built in Belfast, North Ireland. It took over three years to build the Titanic. The Titanic sank in under three hours. It was the largest passenger ship built. There was 250 workers injured while working on the ship. The ship was 25 stories high and it weighed 46,000 tons. The anchor was over 18 feet long and weighed over 15 tons. www.historyofthetitanic.org
At twilight the dragons flew out and attacked the humans sending them into disarray. In the midst of the fighting the human leader General Lamar was killed by one of the dragons. The humans became enraged, slaughtering the rebel group. The next morning, they declared war on Asus and the dragons, thinking it was him who sent them to assassinate their leader. When Asus heard of what happened he was put in a slightly bittersweet mood recognizing that the humans would hate the dragons and constantly be looking for a way to attack the dragons, but at the same time they would be weaker without their leader. The humans launched an attack the next day attempting to kill as many of the dragons as they could. It was a hard battle and the humans killed many dragons, but the humans ended up retreating. Over the next month the humans launched attack after attack, killing the dragons off until there were not many left. Asus realized that things were not going well for the dragons so he had to go to desperate measures. In his cave Asus forged a mighty weapon from the core of the Earth that he would use to attack the humans. He called the weapon “fire” and unleashed it upon the
The titanic was a ship that was huge and extremely advanced. The ship took 3 years to be completed and over 3, 000 people worked on it. Although the final product could not be fully used it was a well built ship. This ship was well equipped with the best and
The Titanic was built to be unsinkable, with 16 watertight compartments to help keep it afloat. Many people called the R.M.S. Titanic “unsinkable”, because of how large it was. To many the Titanic, being the biggest ship, also meant it was the best. Publishers Weekly; 3/19/2012, Vol. 259 Issue 12, p30-32, 3p. The ship was advertised as “unsinkable as reasonably possible,” because of it’s numerous safety features. These features included automatic watertight doors, watertight bulkheads and compartments throughout the ship, the most powerful marconi at sea and the Titanic was so large, that it was thought that anything large enough to damage it would be seen in time. They were wrong. Courier Mail, The (Brisbane). 04/03/2012, p38-38. 1.
The tragic history of the Titanic, the sinking of the “unsinkable” giant of a ship shocked the entire world and contributed to important shifts in the mass consciousness of the people who lived at that period and assessed the achievements of new technologies and their role. However, one would have been hardly able to predict in 1912 that this tragedy, no matter how significant and meaningful, would leave such a deep imprint on the history of human civilization. The continuing interest in the fate of the great vessel has taken the form of various narrations and given rise to numerous myths enveloping the true history and, in this way, often obscuring the facts related to the tragedy. In recent years, this interest has been emphasized by the dramatic discovery of the wreck and examination of its remains. The recovery of artifacts from the Titanic and the exploration of the site where it had sank stimulated new speculations on different issues of the failure to rescue the Titanic and the role of different factors contributing to the disaster. These issues have been traditionally in the focus of discussions that caused controversies and ambiguous interpretations of various facts. They also often overshadowed other parts of the disaster story that were confirmed by statistical data and revealed the impact of social realities. The social stratification of passengers that reflected the social realities of the period and its class interests determined the chances of survival, with most of those perished in the Titanic disaster having been lower class individuals.
The high temperature application of Austenitic Stainless Steel is somewhat limited because at higher temperatures it undergoes a phenomenon called Sensitization. According to Ghosh et al. [1], it refers to the precipitation of carbides and nitrides at the grain boundaries. Precipitation of Chromium rich carbides (Cr23C6) and nitrides at the grain boundaries result when the Austenitic stainless steel is heated and held in the temperature range of 500-8500C (773K-1123K). This precipitation of carbides taking place at the grain boundary is because of their insolubility at these temperature ranges. This leads to Chromium depreciated regions around the grain boundaries. So the change in microstructure is takes place and the regions with low Chromium contents become susceptible to Intergranular Corrosion (IGC) and Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (Alvarez et al.) [1, 2]. Along with carbides and nitrides there is formation of chi phase. The chi phase, which is a stable intermetallic compound, consists of Fe, Cr, and Mo of type M18C. Some studies reveal that sensitization may lead to formation of Martensite. In addition to the altered microstructure, mechanical properties of the Austenitic Stain...
Its purpose was to protect the hull of the ship, but whenever they were able to obtain it for investigation, it showed to be almost completely shattered (Bassett). This meant that yet another device for protection was made of poor quality material, and led the ship to its downfall. Had the whole body of the ship been covered with a higher quality metal, perhaps any damage to the ship would not have allowed for the same amount of damage that was seen and witnessed on that night.
Including that the ship's steel plates were excessively weak for the close solidifying Atlantic waters, that the effect made bolts pop and the extension joints fizzled, among others. Technological parts of the calamity aside, Titanic's downfall has gone up against a more profound, practically mythic. Many view the disaster as a profound quality play about the threats of human hubris: Titanic's makers trusted they had fabricated a resilient ship that couldn't be crushed by the laws of nature. The shock was driven not slightest by the survivors themselves; even while they were on board Carpathia on their approach to New York, Beesley and different survivors resolved to stir popular conclusion to defend sea go later on and composed an open letter to The Times encouraging changes to sea security laws. In places nearly connected with the Titanic, the feeling of misery was
This paper will first discuss the development of the steel industry. Next, it will examine steel, and in the impact it had on the transportation industry. Finally, it will discuss systematic management practices of this time and how they gave birth to the scientific approach that is still in use today.
“...the TItanic hit the iceberg at 11:40 pm and sank at 2:20 am” (Lord 173). April 12, 1912 marked the night the RMS Titanic vanished into the vast Atlantic Ocean. The Titanic only had enough lifeboats for ⅓ of the 2208 people on board. This survival rate is so meager because the appearance of the Titanic was more salient than its passengers’ safety. Captain Edward Smith figured all the necessary amount of lifeboats would look “cluttered” on deck. The Titanic also had the prominent title of “unsinkable ship” because of that, the captain thought lifeboats wouldn’t be needed but indeed they were. The impact of the lifeboat shortage on the Titanic forced the captain to call the BirkenHead drill, caused men to dress as women, and brought passengers to participate in bribery.
The Titanic set voyage on April 1912 to New York. The Titanic and its sister ships, Olympia and Britannic were said to be virtually unsinkable by a magazine article, not the White Star Line. The Titanic was the second ship to set sail on its maiden voyage out of the three sister ships. The Titanic had been built a lot differently than most of the ships back then. For example, a normal ship was built with three funnels but the Titanic had four. The fourth funnel did not serve the same purpose like the other three; its use was for steam to be released from the kitchen. Another example was that the Titanic was the biggest ship at the time. The ship had received ice warnings at least six different times from ships but Captain Smith had ignored
The Titanic was a White Star Ocean Liner. The name Titanic means gigantic and she was the largest ocean liner of the time when she was launched. The Titanic had two sister ships, the Brittanic and the Olympic, that were similar being large and luxurious. The Titanic was built at Harland Wolff Shipyard by the White Star Line. Lord William Pirrie was a director of both Harland Wolff and White Star. His company was responsible for hiring workers and general construction. Thomas Andrews was a naval architect who created the architectural design and layout of the Titanic. Alexander Carlisle was the shipyard’s general manager. He provided the space at Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast, Ireland where the boat could be successfully built.