The present chapter discusses the progress of MDG 3 in India and its states. This chapter is divided in to four sections. Section I discusses the need of MDG 3 at global level and national level and importance of this goal in India. Section II scrutinizes the progress of the indicators of MDG 3 at national and states level. Section III critically examines the ongoing policies and programmes to achieve MDG 3 in India and last section provides some policy-making recommendations.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are an effort by the international society to redirect some of the disparities and disgraces that bear so many of the world’s women. They present worldwide poverty a female look. They are also a challenge to encourage a happier future for girl children. The combination of the two thoughts of women‘s empowerment and gender equality into one MDG indirectly identifies that gender equality and women‘s empowerment are two sides of the same coin. Growth toward gender equality needs women‘s empowerment and women‘s empowerment wants increases in gender equality.
This is not the first time India has concentrated on focusing the subject of women’s equality and empowerment. The Indian women’s movement has a gratified and lively past promoting on issues of family law, employment, education, female infanticide and reproductive health, widowhood, domestic violence and political representation amongst other issues. Indian civil society, through the movements of hundreds of non-government organizations spread across the country, has been keenly involved in encouraging the importance of women for decades. The Indian state has also prepared some important judicial changes to provision women’s employment and political rights most recen...
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... of girls to boys in secondary education in India. The data shows that Kerala has the highest 113 percent of ratio of girls to boys in secondary education in India in 2007-08. Rajasthan is at bottom in this list. Along this Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttaranchal and Madhya Pradesh have also low ratio of girls to boys in secondary education in India. Kerala, Goa, Chandigarh, D & N Haveli, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, have attained this target in 2007-08.
The investigator projected the value of this indicator for Indian states/UTs by 2015 at their Rate of change in table 5.4. In figure 3 the expected values reveal that many of states would not attain this indicator by 2015. Uttaranchal would be the poorest performer in realizing this indicator. Manipur, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Delhi, Bihar, Rajasthan Gujarat and Jharkhand are those states, which would not reach the target by 2015.
However, Europeans women were very segregated and under man control during the colonial times; but little by little women fight for their rights and become free of man domination. Today the status of women’s civil rights varies dramatically in different countries and, in some cases, among groups within the same country, such as ethnic groups or economic classes. In recent decades women around the world have made strides in political participation, as for example women acquired the right to vote, the right to become part of political issues, the right to marriage who they want, and the right to be free as an individual.
In previous times, the equality between men and women were at dramatic differences. It is frequently believed that women’s suffrage was desired and fought for only in England and the United States during the 19th century. Though these movement changes in their reasons and tactics, the battle of female suffrage, along with other women’s rights concerns, cut through many national boundaries. Women’s rights and suffrage had changed drastically from the 1890 till the time of Nixon’s Administration. During these time markers women had been treated poorly, they felt as if they weren’t equal to the other citizens of the world, especially the men. There are countless activities involving women, but the most spoke about topics is, women’s rights, their suffrage, and the roles they played.
“Women’s empowerment results from a process where women can freely analyze, develop, and voice their needs and interests without them being predefined or unwillingly imposed by religion, government, or social norms and where their influence and control extends women’s familial/kinship circles” (Haghighat, par.6). There is an ongoing fight for women’s rights everywhere around the world. Men have been getting more power than women such as economic and political power and their rights are not limited as women rights are. There are not any limits with men whereas women are limited to many things. “When voting rights were given to women in the late 1800’s to 1920 it was a decisive moment in the women’s right movement in western Europe and North American democracies” (“Women’s rights”).”Women’s rights groups in the second half of the twentieth century focused on greater legal equality in terms of wages and credit, reproductive rights, family law, and education” (“Women’s rights”). Women’s rights are limited to them and it’s time to give women more rights to have equality because women should have equality in every aspect of their lives. They are unable to have self empowerment due to the rights not given to them. Empowerment is increasing spiritual, political, social, educational, gender, or economic strength of individuals or communities. It is about achieving your goals to the best of your ability with your potential.
Women's rights is the fight for women to have equal rights to men. In India women have a secondary status within the household and workplace. This will affect a women's health, financial status, education, and political involvement. Women are normally married young, quickly become mothers, and are then burdened by this and also financial responsibilities. Unfortunately to this present day we are still fighting for women’s rights.
The status of women as empowered citizens around the world is yet to be ascertained. Guided by the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it seems as if the trend towards a just social order reflects a better tomorrow, and yet, thousands of women suffer from the brutal crimes and atrocities committed by their male counterparts. Deeply woven into the social fabric of society, women face the onslaught of a patriarchal legal system - be it by the denial of fundamental rights in Afghanistan or the exclusion from property interests in India. Women still struggle as the marginalised gender in many parts of the world. This leaves considerable room for scrutiny of whether gender neutrality of the law is a reality, or indeed, a myth.
A growing population of women’s activists can be attributed to the growing number of courses being offered and information available. Only a few decades ago this would not have been heard of. It is due to the increasing amount of awareness on the topic of women’s status as second class citizens that activism has increased. Through various media, we have learned of topics such as the “glass ceiling”, the working conditions of women in Third World countries, the current injustices against women being carried out in the First World, reproductive rights, as written about by Angle Davis, and other limitations imposed on women.
The attention of gender equality at all level and in all sectors of policy has become a global concern in the modern period. The recognition of gender equality has been internationally demonstrated by the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), followed by the Beijing Declaration on Platform of Action (BPfA), adopted in the Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW). The global framework has contextualized to address the problem of gender inequality with the emergence of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Fundamentally proven, the third principle of MDGs aims to address gender inequality in the global scale (Kasumi, 2011). Attached with that, Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has formulated Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDGs) with the combination of other national instruments, civil society and private sector for the promotion of gender equality in Cambodia (JICA, 2007 & Kasumi, 2011).
Ellison, Jesse. "The 2011 Global Women's Progress Report." Newsweek 158.13 (2011): 27-29. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 May 2012.
The root cause of gender inequality in Indian society lies in its patriarchy system. According to the famous sociologists Sylvia Walby, patriarchy is “a system of social structure and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women”. Women’s exploitation is an age old cultural phenomenon of Indian society. The system of patriarchy finds its validity and sanction in our religious beliefs, whether it is Hindu, Muslim or any other religion.
For women in India, the last century has marked a great amount of progress, but at times it has been as stubborn as all the centuries before it. Women have been expanding their roles in society, at home, and even politics with female Prime Minster Indira Gandhi. Gender roles are ingrained deeply, however, and that is no more apparent than in the current rape epidemic. Specifically the last 40 years have been some of the most promising for Indian women, but they have also seen an 875% increase in rape cases (Park). The answers to why this is happening, and why it is happening now may open up a much deeper issue. The social climate is changing; a power struggle between genders steadies the quantity of violence against women. Meanwhile, their empowerment to speak out and hold a rapist accountable brings it to the attention of the world. A longstanding injustice that has been occurring right bellow the surface for years may have reached its boiling point.
In today’s globalized world, women’s studies is emerging as a fast growing discipline which is not restricted any more to the academia but is significantly capturing the attention of the civil society. The way civil society responded to “Nirbhaya” gang-rape case of December, 2012 in Delhi; the way people came on the streets in protest against this horrific and barbarous crime committed against a 23 year old woman; this people’s movement has undoubtedly engineered the emergence of a new consciousness among us about the need for a realization of women’s honour and dignity in the society. There have been serious debates on the issue of whether more stringent laws (in the line of Shari’a law) be implemented in our Indian society so that such heinous crimes against women can be prevented. However, the aforesaid incident is only one among many hundred other such crimes happening everyday in almost every corner of the globe. Many such incidents of crime are either suppressed or do not come to limelight. The following analysis is a humble attempt to deal with the status of women (especially in Islam) in a globalized world.
The modern world has resulted in earnings, wages and salaries for the women similar to that of men, but the women are continuously facing inequalities in the work force (Andal 2002). This2 can be attributed to the pre-established notion that women shall not be given access to finance or communication with the world outside of the home which is highly unethical and unfair (Eisenhower, 2002). In the past, they were considered as the underprivileged ones which were not thought of having equal rights but this fact has changed now. The status of women can be explicitly defined as the equality and the freedom of the women.
India, the population of which is estimated to be 1.27 billion also ranks 2nd in largest population and 33 in population density. The social problems in India in the new
Girls will come to benefit from the end of child marriages, but as well the society helping them left from poverty via education as CARE promotes Education as a key to ending child marriages. Child marriages trap girls and their families in the cycle of poverty. If a girl does not marry early and stay in school, she is likely to be healthier and wealthier which will allow for her to reinvest her income into her family. As stated by girlsnotbrides, a global partnership of more than 300 civil society organizations from over 50 countries working to address child marriage says, “For every year a girl stays in secondary school, her eventual wages will be boosted by 15 to 25 percent”. This will bring a whole other meaning to society in which there will be a way for girls to help their family raise from poverty. By addressing child marriage through education, girls develop skills, knowledge and are empowered to claim their rights. This allows them to make free and informed decisions, including if, when and whom to marry. As education can also be that key for India to stop to child marriage as Ben Arnoldy, a managing editor of Monitor Frontier Markets and recently spent several years based in New Delhi covering India, tell a story of girl in India who refused to enter child marriage at 12 years old and insisted in staying in school obtaining an education. He stat...
...-economic and ethnic conflicts that frequently surface in the region. And also, Carl Dahlman & Anuja Utz (2005) conclude that outside view of India’s concern on global scale, recognizes India’s achievements, but sees a tremendous potential that is yet to be unleashed. India-led needed process of coordination and integration of the different reforms, institutional regime and combining those in the economic with the many initiatives as it to be more functional to any significant strategy. Then, We should faces the problem of illiteracy to avoid the people is going to suffer to their life anymore as well as government of India was must be provide a all aspects of a blue plan to change the poverty, stereotype and gender inequities of peoples as enter to a new general century with growth the rate of education, increase the rate of economy and the rate of poverty dropped.