II. Application part Cohesion is the basis of any article. It is a main step of linking appropriate terms or grammar form into an article. So cohesion method generally includes two types which are: lexical and grammatical cohesion. In any text, lexical cohesion is the result of chains of related words that take part in the maintenance of continuity of lexical meaning. While grammatical cohesion could be defined as the relations between sentences and paragraphs that produce unity in any text. This present study trace the lexical and grammatical cohesion in the following three articles: Black. Male. Feminism, published in an African American magazine, See the Highlights of Africa with Presidential Private Jet Vacations, extracted from …show more content…
Firstly, lexical reiteration can be regarded as a significant feature that evidently produce and retain textuality of the text. Reiteration is applicable to the repetition of a lexical item, either directly or through synonyms, antonyms, co-hyponyms and superordinate. For instance, in the first article there is repetition in some words like: "black women" in the first paragraph, in line 2, line 3 and line 5, as well as in the second paragraph in line 2, in the third paragraph in line 3 and line 9, in the fourth one in line 1, in the sixth paragraph in line 1, line 3 and line 5. "Black men" is repeated in the first paragraph in line 5, in fourth paragraph in line 3, in the sixth one as well before the last line and finally in the ninth paragraph in line 1. "Assault" is repeated in paragraph 1 in line 3 and in paragraph 3 in line 6 and in line 9 to show one shape of cruelty that women bare. "Accountability" in paragraph 3 in line 4, line 5 and the last one to highlight the main idea of the paragraph. And he repeated it in the fourth paragraph in line 3. "Support" is reduplicated in paragraph 1 in line 2, 9 and 10 to ensure the writer's advocacy to black women. "Feminist" is also reiterated in paragraph. The writer also asserted his willing to be able to support black …show more content…
For instance, "continent," which is in the fifth line of the first paragraph is a superordinate that foreshadows, along with its preceding adjective "African," that the article is about the African continent and some African cities. Thus, its co-hyponyms are "Tanzania," "Zambia" and "Namibia." Finally, "jet" in the ninth line and "aircraft" in the tenth line of the first paragraph are superordinates. And "Gulfstream, Challenger and Falcon jets" are their co-hyponyms, as they are types of jets and/or
However, in another version, which is the draft version of the essay before publication, he draws himself “I was wearing my navy pea jacket, the collar turned up, my hands snug in the pockets”(Staples “Another Version”). In another version of his essay, he describes the woman’s position who ran away after seeing the writer of this personal essay. Without the title, and the author of the writer, those two personal essays seem entirely different to the reader, and each subject position of these essays makes the same situation diverse, which means each perspective and way of looking makes two different essays from the same situations and same events. The draft version of the essay is quite offensive, but the published version of the essay is entirely defensive.
A dominant rhetorical strategy presented by the author was his use of formal tone which made his article more official. The author explains his point of view in how banning words in music such as hip-hop and rap would be beneficial using strict arguments. Also, the author detached himself from the article and did not use the first or second point of view. In addition, in paragraph 9 the author wrote “it would” as an alternative of “It’d”, in paragraph 10 “that is” as a replacement for “that’s”, and in paragraph 11 “it is” rather than “it’s”, which concludes that he used full words and did not simplify or use contractions in most of his words. He also spelled out the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People when he wrote
It gives the reader a feeling of sympathy for the African American male, while also educating them on how to handle a situation if they are put in one similar to any of these scenarios. The reader is also able to comprehend that he knows why white people fear him and that he does not think it is an irrational fear. Although this essay is a little biased, it gives the reader a view from both sides of the fence. Staples essay was one that every white male and female should read. Maybe then, the readers would not be so scared of African American
Portraying to the emotions is important to his overall argument because it relates the reader with the black community by providing situations of struggle and hardship, triggering the typical
This is obviously an opinion piece by the author expressing her opinions, she is adding to her argument. Each sentence she writes gives insight into the way she feels about the new laws of Jim Crow. In this article, The New Jim Crow, the author applies rhetorical devices to show her audience the new Jim Crow laws and how they relate to the new caste system in America. She uses her opinions to inform people on how to end racial tension and includes herself in the revolution. Alexander states, “Our criminal justice system functions more like a caste system than a system of crime control” (Alexander 11).
The genre of this article is an editorial. When the audience reads an editorial, they know there is going to be strong opinions and most likely some bias. With the genre of an editorial, though, readers are going to observe phrases and opinions authors would not use in other genres. An example of this is where The Editorial Board says “They are not asserting that black lives are more precious than white lives. They are underlining an indisputable fact — that the lives of black citizens in this country historically have not mattered, and have been discounted and devalued.” (Editorial Board, screen 4) Throughout the article, The Editorial Board included ethos, logos, and pathos in various ways. The Editorial Board represents itself very well and seems to have impeccable credentials and authority. The Editorial Board seems very trustworthy because of the members’ credentials and how publicized The Editorial Board’s editorials are. In the article, facts and evidence are found periodically, meaning that the article is factual to an extent. The Editorial Board presents more facts and evidence that are in support of African Americans than Caucasians, meaning that there is some bias in this article. There are some direct observations included in the logos also. The Editorial Board attempts to invoke an emotional response by saying “The movement sought a cross-racial appeal, but at every step of the way used
Linguistic reclamation is a cultural process of removing hatefulness from a term that is used negatively and oppressively by a dominant culture (out-group) against a specific, less powerful group (in-group). In the article “A Queer Revolution: Reconceptualizing the Debate Over Linguistic Reclamation,” the author, Robin Brontsema explores the reclamation of the word “queer” and other related “hateful speech intended to disable its target” from three different perspectives that are based on three identifiable goals: “neutralization” of the word, its “value reversal,” and “stigma exploitation” (46, 52). According to the first perspective, the “pejoration” or hate is “inseparable” from the detestable word, which implies that reclaiming the word would do no good; instead, omitting the word from language, if possible, will take care of the pain caused by the word (Brontsema 49). The supporters of the second perspective, on the other hand, believe that “pejoration” is separable from the spiteful word, and thus, reclamation of that word is supported (Brontsema 51). Finally, the third perspective believers, stressing that hate is inseparable from the word, support its reclamation because they believe that “a revolutionary call” that starkly obligates the out-group to accept the in-group for what it stands for can help in reversing the negativity of the word (Brontsema 52, 53). The topic of reclamation is more complex than one thinks because words that carry hate are dangerous to play with. As Jeane Kirkpatrick, the 16th US ambassador and an ardent anticommunist, once said, “Words can destroy. What we call each other ultimately becomes what we think of each other, and it matters” (ncvs.org). Words that are powerful and have the abi...
Framing theory also supplies a level of rationality “[...] to an array of symbols, images, and arguments, linking them through an underlying organizing idea that suggest what is essential - what consequences and values are at stake”. As stated in the article, The Influence of Social Movement on Articulations of Race and Gender in Black Women’s Autobibliography, “[the] Black community’s aspirations were articulated ‘almost exclusively’ by Black men, while Black women’s concerns, problems, and objectives were rarely discussed.” (Brush, 1999:124). As previously stated, this can be seen as an issue surrounding the framing of the civil rights movement, due to the fact that not only were these men able to identify what was considered as being important for the purposes of the movement, they were also ‘almost exclusively’ the ones expressing the grievances of faced by the black community, which may have made them susceptible to making generalization as to what exactly were the grievances of the black community as a whole. bell hooks also expressed this idea, whereby she states that“[...] the history of our struggle as Black people is made synonymous with the efforts of Black males to have patriarchal power and privilege” (Brush, 1999:124). Since there were patriarchal
Alexander believes that the manuscript she wrote will receive distrust, particularly about the expression. The equity for the criminal framework is the door to the more critical system of disparagement and minimization. Americans experience severe difficulties discussing discrimination and the black lives and accept that inability to climb implies that one's character is imperfect. The significant portion of neglected nonwhite Americans can’t trust that the decision of the former president and the overturn of policies of other regions concerning required essentials imply that the standing is blurring without end. Not genuine, Alexander expresses; the fundamental design of the New Jim Crow is still set up because the individuals who are captured and marked hoodlums are again consigned to a lower level
“In 1910, 4 percent of Americans between the ages of 18 and 21 went to college; by 1920, that number had risen to 8 percent, 40 percent of which were women,” this is logos and feminism because it shows that females had went to college by statistics, in which portrays feminism because women had finally grown into the fact of going to college, thus, catching up to male dominance. Questions like, “Mr. President, what will you do for women’s suffrage?” And, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?” This is rhetorical question, pathos and feminism because no answer is necessary and makes the president fell guilty of his position, as well as dealing with women’s rights. “Burns had been beaten and hanged from chains,” is alliteration, pathos and feminism because it uses the word “b” multiple times and makes us feel sorrow about her punishment for supporting women’s rights.
Peggy McIntosh uses the journalistic format because within the article she uses her personal experiences and she states that the article will not be scholarly. The set-up of the essay helped me categorize and think about my disadvantages and advantages. Not only did I think about myself, I thought about other racial groups that have been affected by white privilege. The main issue that Peggy McIntosh targets is a white privilege. White privilege according to McIntosh is an “invisible package of unearned assets (Shaw, Lee, 86)” Although, white people have these privileges they are “oblivious” to them; they are unearned privileges that have affected the society possibly in a negative way. For example, the target group of people to be killed are
Text linguistics is a “discipline which analyses the linguistic regularities and constitutive features of texts” (Bussmann, 1996: 1190). According to this definition, text linguistics is mainly concerned with studying the features that every piece of writing should have in order to be considered as a text. It is also defined by Noth (1977 in Al-Massri, 2013:33) as “the branch of linguistics in which the methods of linguistic analysis are extended to the level of text.” This means that text linguistics aims at producing rules and methods that can be used to analyze the whole text. This approach has been put forward by the two scholars Robert-Alain de Beaugrande and Wolfgang U. Dressler in their seminal book “Introduction to Text Linguistics”, in 1981. The study of texts in linguistic studies starts in
In this essay I intend to investigate how differently one of the closed word classes, determiners, are approached in a series of pre and post corpus-based English grammar reference books, course books and practice books. And the theme of my investigation is how corpus affects the development of English teaching materials. The grammar reference books I intend to analyze and compare are “A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language” (ACGEL) and “Cambridge Grammar of English” (CGE). The former is an indispensable grammar reference book first published in 1985, which has been widely consulted in researches in relation to English linguistic studies, while the later offers clear explanations of both spoken and written English grammar based on authentic everyday usage.
Everyone is a part of a community. Most people are a part of multiple communities. A community is a group of people that have a commonality. Sometimes it is based on where you live, hobbies, goals, etc. I believe that communities are created unconsciously and are connected to someone’s identity, especially when a person is considered a part of multiple communities. Sometimes, a person may connect very well with their community. Sometimes, a person may feel very distant from their community. In the movie, “English Vinglish”, the main character, Sashi, shows examples on how communities are created through commonalities, and the acculturation theory. Sashi was a part of multiple communities. A few communities included her, her Daughter’s school,
When it comes to the translation of any kind of text, nouns are an inseparable part of every language. Nouns can be categorized into two basic groups of common and proper nouns. The first group of nouns, the common nouns denotes a group of entities (objects or concepts), whereas proper nouns denote particular referent (Zarei 2014).