A hybrid vehicle combines any two power(energy) sources. Possible combinations include diesel/electric, gasoline/flywheel, and fuel cell/battery. Typically one energy source is storage and other is conversion of a fuel to energy. Throughout this essay, the word ’engine’ is used to denote the gasoline or diesel engine. Further the word ‘motor’ signifies an electric motor or the motor/generator(M/G).
A hybrid vehicle may consist of a gasoline engine combined with an M/G. A hybrid electric vehicle is formed by merging components from a pure electrical vehicle and a pure gasoline vehicle. HEVs reuire a smaller engine than a conventional vehicle as the electric motor can serve as a power-assist. The electric vehicle(EV) has an M/G which allows regenerative braking for an EV; the M/G installed in the HEV enables regenerative braking. For the HEV, the M/G is tucked directly behind the engine. In Honda hybrids, the M/G is connected directly to the engine. The transmission appears next in line. This arrangement has two torque producers; the M/G in motor mode, M-mode and the gasoline engine. The battery and M/G are connected electrically.
One new component, control system, has been added. The control system can enhance driving experience. Mixing propulsion from the engine and M/G opens many new control dilemmas to be solved and decisions to be made. Major functions are to maximize miles per gallon(mpg) and minimize exhaust emissions. Integration of mechanical components, electrical components, and the control software is as important as hardware. Integration and software challenges are enormous. Components must engage and disengage smootly.
Numerous minor functions of the control system include component protection by monitoring battery ...
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...wer distribution system is seperated into two parts at vastly different power levels and voltages. One part is the “smarts” section or information section which is mainly computers and microprocessors (low power, low voltage). Another part is the muscle section or the power electronics that manages the power to the M/G and to the battery(high power,high voltage)
Hybrid electric vehicle are inherently expensive because of the extra components compared to a conventional vehicle(CV). The M/G and the large, high-voltage battery add to the cost. The HEV needs complex power management involving the HEV information(computers, software, algorithms, etc.) and HEV power(power transistors, cooling system, etc). The control system is extremely complicated and represents a tremendous challenge; it is not easy.
There are three common design options: series, parallel, and mixed.
Driven in large part by global initiatives and the potential for stringent regulations, the past decade or two has seen a marked increase in the importance of improvements with respect to environmental standards, including emissions and increases in fuel economy. In 2002, Cummins Emissions Solutions was launched after the need was identified for an emission solution that would help engines meet future regulations. In 2006, Cummins pioneered a hybrid diesel-electric bus which reduced fuel consumption and greenhouse gasses by more than 30 percent and me...
According to Cars Direct website, hybrid cars can reach 51 MPG wish destroy all gasoline and diesel efficiency expectations. This high efficiency yield to two main reasons: hybrid car tend to be lightweight, and the cooperating between the gasoline engine and the electric motor. ” According to consumer reports tests, most hybrid cars have better fuel economy than their gas-only counterparts “ (Barett, “The Difference Between Gas and Hybrid Vehicles”). This is obvious if we compare between a hybrid and gasoline cars which have the same name: the hybrid Honda civic average efficiency is 40 MPG while the standard Honda civic average efficiency is 29 MPG, the hybrid Hyundai sonata average efficiency is 33 MPG while the standard Hyundai sonata average efficiency is 27 MPG, and the hybrid Ford fusion average efficiency is 34 MPG while the standard Ford fusion average efficiency is 24 MPG (Barett) [average efficiency is the average between the car efficiency in city and its efficiency in highway
Another engine type is the hybrid engine. The hybrid involves both the use of a gasoline engine and an electrical engine.
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. This most commonly refers to gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) to power internal-combustion engines (ICEs), and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass-produced hybrids, such as the Toyota Prius, recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking. As well, when cruising or idling, some of the output of the combustion engine is fed to a generator (merely the electric motor(s) running in generator mode[1]) which produces electricity to charge the batteries. This contrasts with all-electric cars which use batteries charged by an external source such as the grid, or a range extending trailer. Nearly all hybrids still require gasoline as their sole fuel source though diesel and other fuels such as ethanol or plant based oils have also seen occasional use.
The admiration of hybrid cars in the United States market to this day is increasing at a rapid rate. Hybrid cars are in high demand by buyers all over the United States. As time progresses, more and more consumers grasp that the upcoming hysteria of hybrid vehicles are not only better for the environment, but are all around much more economical for our prodigious populace. The growing popularity of hybrid cars is due to an increase in the diverse archetypal choices available, the time-tested expertise and the economical value. A vehicle is considered a hybrid if it utilizes more than one form of energy to attain momentum.
The beginning of hybrid cars goes back to the 20th century. The Paris Exposition of 1900 included the Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil which is the first ever hybrid car. The inventor of the Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil was a 23 year old engineer named Ferdinand Porsche. Porsche is known today for his Volkswagen cars and for the famous sport cars designed by his son. He created a vehicle that could travel 38 miles on electricity alone. Porsche partnered with Jacob Lohner who wanted to develop motorcars that had incorporated coaches. The gas-powered cars at that time were very noisy and difficult to start. Porsche created battery-powered electric motors and put them in the front-wheel hubs to produce a front-wheel drive car. He also added an internal combustion gasoline engine so the batteries in the car could be charged. Sadly, the Lohner-Porsche could only reach up to 35 miles an hour. The idea of hybrid cars decreased during the years of growth in the modern automobile industry. This period brought a national highway system in the United States and gasoline was inexpensive. The concerns with auto emissions brought back the idea of hybrid cars. C. Russell Feldman, one of the founders of Motorola, decided to explore the possibilities of hybrid cars again. He contacted an electrical engineer named Victor Wouk to see if a hybrid car could work in society. Wouk found out that the batteries in the hybrid cars did not have the energy to produce a lot of speed and range. In the 1960’s, Wouk combined the low-emissions benefit of an electric car with the power and range of a gasoline engine to create a hybrid car. To make his hybrid car ideas real, Victor Wouk and his partner Charles Rosen formed the company called the Petro-E...
Due to the constant rise in gas prices, Hybrid cars have become a hot item in today's economy. Although the Hybrid cars are more expensive than the conventional cars the rapid increase in gasoline prices will allow the consumer to make up the difference and save money by having to make fewer trips to the gas pump.
The parallel hybrid system involves an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that assists the engine to provide torque and power for the vehicle to move using a power splitter, a set of gears (Nice & Layton 2000). Since the electric motor used is small, these hybrids cannot be solely powered by the motor. In series-parallel hybrids, there is an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The power generated by both sources can be used to drive the wheels or charge the batteries. The vehicle can be powered solely by the electric motor or the internal combustion engine or even both simultaneously (Nice & Layton 2000). In a series hybrid vehicle, the vehicle is driven by the electric motor only without mechanical connections to the internal combustion engine, which only recharges the battery that powers the vehicle when the battery charge is low (Wu 1995). This system was invented by Ferdinand Porsche, the founder of Porsche, in 1900 (Lampton 2009).
The idea of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been around for longer than a decade, as many people may not have originally thought. In fact, hybrid vehicles have been in development for the past century. The combination of an electric motor and a gasoline engine has been stirring in the minds of scientists and inventors alike for many years. Hybrid cars have surpassed many feats as it's progressed through the years, such as increased gas mileage and reducing the pollutants that regular internal combustion engines expel. While the hybrid car is in high demand at the present time, some people believe these cars are just a quick resolution before bigger and better ideas, such as fuel cell vehicles, begin taking over the automobile industry. Still, the development of the hybrid car has had many effects on today's society and may continue to in the future.
Since the release of this first mass-produced of the hybrid vehicles the government has been doing a lot of things possible to be involved and also to regulate the purchasing’s of HEVs and PHEVs. Today, the President Obama has created a New Energy For America to plan for changes to its way the United States uses energy. The plan does include a section on the hybrid vehicles and plug-in hybrids. Soon the tax credits will be ended for its regular hybrid electrics vehicles. Now it is known, due to the rapid rate of the HEV sales the government has also withdrawn its tax rebates on HEV models, by giving exclusive tax cuts on EV and PHEV models, which based on its total electric charge that the battery pack can hold. Since then, HEV cars were popular among environmentally conscious drivers.
Detroit asserts that the Cadillac engine system is responsible for cost reduction especially with regard to the Cadillac maintenance (73). This owes to the fact that the flexible logistics of installation and low consumption of fuel guarantee savings. This vehicle’s engine is efficient due to the fact that it is safe to drive at high and low speeds. The brake system of this vehicle does not require electromagnetic fields in order to function. The model in question is also fitted with emergency tools, which help in case of skidding. These tools include the braking cruise control. Cadillac’s brake system is light unlike other vehicles’ brake systems, and this enhances swiftness in driving the Cadillac. Additionally, this model does not have the shortcoming of fuel loss especially through drags. The Cadillac has Eigen solver system, which is responsible for squeal analysis. In this regard, the need for programming is eliminated. The thermoregulation ensures that the braking system’s heat is controlled. Furthermore, the thermoregulation amplifies the computation performance of squeal. The engine...
Hybrid cars use both gas and electric. The gasoline engine is the primary source of power, while the electric motor is used at low speeds. Emissions levels are reduced because the gasoline engine shuts off at low speeds. An additional benefit of the parallel configuration is that no outside source of electric power is required because the engine itself generates the required electricity. A Hybrid Electric Vehicle known as HEV have several advantages over traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles: Regenerative braking capability, which helps minimize the energy lost when driving. Engine is sized to average load, not peak load, which reduces the weight of the engine. Fuel efficiency is greatly increased, while emissions are greatly decreased. HEVs can be operated using alternative fuels; therefore they need not be depended on fossil fuels (http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/what.html#hev). Another great thing about these machines is the mpg; on the average, a hybrid car gets anywhere from 55-70mpg on the hwy. This is what makes the car all worth having. Now all this sounds good, but there are some issues that must be addressed.
Today, people use their own personal vehicles to travel more than ever before. Personal transportation is no longer considered a luxury; it is now considered a necessity. The number of cars in the United States has been growing steadily since the 1970s. The number of miles traveled by cars has risen nearly 150 percent, yet the United States population has only grown roughly 40 percent during that time (hybridcars.com, Driving Trends). Although it may seem like we are advancing into the future, in reality, we are moving backwards from the effects these vehicles have on our bodies and the environment. The pollution produced by these vehicles has brought us to the day where we must find other modes of transportation that cause less harm to the world in which we live. Advances in technology have developed hybrid vehicles to try and slow down the amount of pollution. Driving a hybrid vehicle, instead of a conventional gas powered vehicle, can reduce the amount of pollution that affects our lives and the environment around us.
Most people today fill up their car with different qualities of petrol, because that's what the average car takes. They don't usually consider an alternative for the petrol that they load into their cars. Although petrol is widely used, it is not the only source for a car to get its power from; diesel and electricity are alternatives to the general petrol used by most cars. Although different from each other, diesel and electricity are alternatives to the average gasoline received at a gas station. Diesel is a more concentrated type of fuel that is usually used by big automobiles because they require a lot of power in a little amount of time. Electricity is a method that uses the power of batteries to produce a low horsepower but, nevertheless fast automobile. Electric cars are generally created to be soundless and environment friendly. The purpose of this paper is to classify and educate the reader of the different types of fuel available for an automobile to use: petrol, diesel, and electricity. The general petrol, used by most people, is usually the only type of fuel accepted on the average car in the United States today.
Vehicles in this day and time are nothing like what they used to be. Over half of the car manufacturers are now trying to build new cars and trucks to be as fuel efficient as they can be. Although hybrids conserve more gas than standard vehicles do, they use gas, also. Hybrids do not use as much gas as the ol...