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Social psychology of cults
Reasons why people join cults
Themes of the New religious movement
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Recommended: Social psychology of cults
Following a mass suicide of 39 members of the Heaven’s Gate cult in Rancho Sante Fe, California, individuals were faced with the quandary of an additional unconventional religious group and cult arisen in the United States. Heaven’s Gate is recognized as a coeval cult originating in America with the religious goal of reaching the next level, ultimately achieving such through a mass suicide mission. The Heaven’s Gate Cult serves as a modern exemplar of a new religious movement, providing a belief system with a particularly intellectual focus on religious movements, leadership within cults, and suicide to reach certain holy levels of existence. Religious cults and their development in America has been an interesting topic in many sociological and religious studies. Since the begging of the 1800’s, certain religious cults and sects have been classified as new religious movements, specifically defined as “[Religious movements that] offer innovative religious responses to the conditions of the modern world,” according to Encyclopedia Brittanica (Rubinstein 2016). According to David Bromley’s book, Teaching New Religious Movements, “While the number of people involved in new religious movements (NRMs) is small, the attention they have received in the popular media and academic discourse suggest a greater significance. In the popular media, NRMs are most often seen as a social problem. In academic studies, they are more often associated with processes of social change and the critique of modernity” (Bromley 2007). UFO religions, defined as religious beliefs centrally . . Quit using drugs; change your name; shave your beard; get rid of clothing and jewelry that symbolize your old self; rid of all past belongings; rid of money . . . no sex, no human-level friendships, no socializing on a human level” (Balch
This event changed the role of American religion during the early nineteenth century. Non-traditional religions such as Mormonism resulted from this religious revival movement as well. The religious revivals that emphasized individual choice of humans over predestination of God continuously shook New England Calvinism. The “cult of Matthias” was unlike any other religious groups during the time period.
Moore does not devote much of his attention to religious ideas. Instead, he examines several different instances of the blending of the sacred and the profane in popular American culture. Moore narrates the direct and indirect effects of the public display of religion for both sacreds and seculars. History, lifestyle, work, education, government, music, sporting events, marketplace, literature, and womanhood influence people. He also brings up how religion can influence racial militancy and terrorism that threaten equality, domestic security, and national identity.
This mass enterprise is reviewed through five traditions in the early nineteenth century: the Christian movement, the Methodists, the Baptists, the black churches, and the Mormons. Hatch explains that these major American movements were led by young men who shared “an ethic of unrelenting toil, a passion for expansion, a hostility to orthodox belief and style, a zeal for religious reconstruction, and a systematic plan to realize their ideals” (4). These leaders changed the scope of American Christianity by orientating toward democratic or populist ideals. Their movements offered both individual potential and collective aspiration, which were ideas ready to be grasped by the young and booming population. These early leaders had a vision of a faith that disregarded social standing, and taught all to think, interpret, and organize their faith for themselves. It was a faith of “religious populism, reflecting the passions of ordinary people and the charisma of democratic movement-builders” (5).
Gaustad, Edwin S. The Religious History of America: The Heart of the American Story from Colonial Times to Today. N.p.: HarperOne, 2004. Print.
Heaven’s Gate Cult was founded in the early 1970’s by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles. Applewhite was recovering, under the care of his nurse Ms. Nettles, when he claimed to have had a near death experience. Applewhite claimed that he and Nettles were the two witnesses spoken of in the Book of Revelation. And they were to prepare the worlds inhabitants for recycling. In order to gain supporters/followers, Applewhite and Nettles began by opening a specialty bookstore.
Individuals with certain preexisting or underlying psychological issues can render them more likely to join a cult. It’s evident that there are severe psychological problems originating in childhood including physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect in the cult members. There seems to be a life-long pattern of self-destructive patterns of behavior that manifests in early childhood, which include self-mutilating behavior, chronic substance abuse, absent parents, and sexual perversion. Placing these individuals in emotionally and physically vulnerable situations such as in a cult seems to have adverse effects. The severity of the cult members’ psychological problems...
People join cults as a way of feeling a sense of belonging within a community (Winner 2011:417). This need for belonging is eventually why members find themselves so involved that they cannot get out. This is especially true in the case of the cult created by Jim Jones. He established a cultic Church called the People’s Temple, most famously known for being the largest group suicide consisting of 909 people, including 276 children (Nelson 2006). Between five to seven million young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 are involved in cult groups (“Cult statistics” 2010). Nearly 180 000 people are recruited into cults each year (“Cult Statistics” 2010). The sense of identity, purpose, and belonging are appealing aspects to why people join cults as the use of power and manipulation coerces them to stay.
On March 26, 1997, in what has become known as one of the most noteworthy mass suicides in history, thirty-nine men and women affiliated with the Heavens Gate cult took their own lives by ingesting a combination of Phenobarbitals mixed with applesauce and alcohol. Each was dressed all in black, their faces covered by a purple shroud. Those who wore glasses had them neatly folded next to their body, and all had identification papers for the authorities to find. The house was immaculate, tidier even than before the victims had moved in. It was as if, in preparing for their death, they were heeding the words of the prophet Isaiah: “Set thine house in order; for thou shalt die, and not live.” And while their abrupt end may seem rather strange, the way they lived is even more perplexing.
On planet Earth, people like to place themselves into different social groups based on their likes, beliefs, and backgrounds. One of the more peculiar groups some people categorize themselves in is a cult. A cult is a group of people who find meaning in anecdotes preached to them by a charismatic leader and that carry out socially unacceptable acts. Heaven’s Gate, founded in 1974, would be classified as a cult due to the fact that its founder and leader, Marshall Herff Applewhite, spoke actively to a group of people about there being a place beyond the stars that is only accessible through killing oneself. Applewhite and Bonnie Lu Nettles, a nurse Applewhite recruited to become a leader of Heaven’s Gate, established that the cult’s main belief
“Most sociologists of religion note that cults represent a break with the mainstream of the religious tradition of the society in which they exist” (Enroth, 1987, p. 20). These terms “mainstream,” “culture,” and “society” are becoming more and more difficult to define because we live in an ever shrinking world. What happens in Japan at noon can be easily accessed here in the United States within a few hours. The culture that we live in is becoming ever more integrated with other cultures. For this reason, maybe a framework would be easier to
Since the 1970’s, the Religious Right has been a force to be reckoned with in American society, much to the chagrin of progressives. Although religion has always played some role in American culture going back to the founding of the nation, the history and tactics of the religious right explain why they have gained such a foothold in recent times.
The history of Pentecostalism is widely disputed amongst historians; some believe that Pentecostalism began with Jesus’ disciple’s baptism in the Holy Spirit at the first Pentecost, while other historians argue that the religion itself dates as recent as the early ninety’s. In the historiographical essay, “Assessing the Roots of Pentecostalism,” Randall J. Stephens claims that the Pentecostal movement started in 1901 and the famous 1906 Los Angeles revival on Azusa Street helped the religion grow to currently contain approximately 420 million followers. The followers, being mostly lower and middle-class groups who were “multi-ethnic and often challenged racial norms” (Wilma Wells Davies 2), of the revival were unhappy...
Society strives to feel a sense of belonging. We want to be a part of something that shares the same beliefs as us. We spend our time trying to place ourselves in a group to satisfy these needs, whether it is in a hobby club, a group of friends, or religion. Some people go to more extreme measures and find this in what we call a cult. According to Henslin, a cult is a new or different religion whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion. (2013:405) Cults are often identified with the ideas of mass murder, deviant behaviors, unusual beliefs, and extremely devoted members. Cults are also highly known for their leaders. The leaders of cults usually are the ones that portray the image for the entire group. Successful cults take a strong-minded and, according to Max Weber, charismatic leader.
Lifton, R., foreword, Cults In Our Midst, by Margaret Thaler Singer & Lalich (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995).
Throughout our history, cults have become a prevalent part of our society. More and more cults are forming every day. Although not all of them are dangerous, some can perform practices that are toxic to their members. Cults use fear and control to gain more and more members. Once members join a cult, they are forced to perform the practices that the cult leaders require. It is through these practices that cult leaders convince their members to stay in the cult. Through mind control and scare tactics, cults have become a very powerful and dangerous part of our society.