The plants of the genus Brassica include species very important for research and agricultural purposes including vital vegetable and oilseed crops (Augustine 2013). Research for these plants typically aim to increase their nutritional value and develop traits such as herbicide tolerance, sterility, and disease and pest resistance (Gupta 2012). One plant that can be used for research is Brassica rapa, in the form of Wisconsin Fast Plants, which are a rapid cycling variety that can be used for genetics investigations (Kinds Plants 2014).
Mendel’s law of segregation states that offspring receive only one of two alleles of a gene from the parent (Brooker et al. 2014). This means that utilizing a monohybrid cross where each parent has both a dominant allele of a gene and a recessive allele, that by producing offspring of these plants, a predictable outcome of trait inheritance should be observed (Brooker et al. 2014). This experiment investigated the inheritance of anthocyanin in Brassica rapa.
Anthocyanin is a purple colored pigment in plants that protect tissue from stressful light conditions (Glover and Martin 2012). This experiment utilized monohybrid crosses of the Wisconsin Fast Plant variety of B. rapa with the F_1 generation having one dominant allele for anthocyanin (ANL) and one recessive allele (anl) (Kinds Plants 2014), to complete their life cycle and produce offspring that were observed for their phenotype. By utilizing the genotype of each parent a prediction for the outcome of these genetic crosses was formulated with a Punnett square (Brooker et al. 2014). Since two alleles need to be existent for a recessive trait to be conveyed, and only one allele for a dominant trait (Morgan and Carter 2008), the offspri...
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...r water deprivation.
With plants of the genus Brassica importance in the form of vegetables and oilseeds (Wang and Freeling 2013), the results of this experiment offer a view into their inheritance patterns which can in the long term be replicated for different outcomes. Augustine et al. discuss the importance of these plants’ traits in terms of food production by stating that studying the mutations of Brassica may lead to improvement of crops by expressing mutations that are desirable phenotypic traits (2014). Brassica are an important part of the global food supply and if any plants can be genetically altered by selective fertilization then those steps should be taken to produce larger, more efficient, or shorter cycling plants. This experiment has supported the inheritance of traits according to Mendel by examining the inheritance of anthocyanin in B. rapa.
Marigolds “Marigolds,” written by the author Eugenia W. Collier, begins with the main character, Elizabeth. The story is told in first person, being told by Elizabeth when she gets older. “Marigolds” takes place in Maryland during the Depression. The reader can tell it is the time of the Depression because in the story it says, “The Depression that gripped the nation was no new thing to us, for the black workers of rural Maryland had always been depressed.” Both the setting and time in this short story are important.
The purpose of our experiment was to test whether or not the Wisconsin Fast Plants, or Brassica rapa, followed the Mendelian genetics and its law of inheritance. First, after we crossed the heterozygous F1 generation, we created an F2 generation which we used to analyze. After analyzing our results, we conducted a chi-square test for for both the F1 and F2 generations to test their “goodness of fit”. For the F1 generation we calculated an x2 value of 6.97, which was greater than the value on the chi-square table at a p-value of 0.05 and 1 degree of freedom (6.97 > 3.84). This meant that we had to reject our hypothesis that stated there would be no difference between the observed and expected values. This showed us that the F1
Modern biotechnology was born at the hands of American scientists Herb Boyer and Stain Cohen, when they developed “recombinant deoxyribonucleotide, (rDNA), [1] for medicinal purposes. Subsequently, biotechnologists started genetically engineering agricultural plants using this technology. A single gene responsible for a certain trait, from one organism (usually a bacterium) is selected altered and then ‘spliced” into the DNA of a plant to create an agricultural crop consisting of that...
An individual can be homozygous dominant (two dominant alleles, AA), homozygous recessive (two recessive alleles, aa), or heterozygous (one dominant and one recessive allele, Aa). There were two particular crosses that took place in this experiment. The first cross-performed was Ebony Bodies versus Vestigle Wings, where Long wings are dominant over short wings and normal bodies are dominant over black bodies. The other cross that was performed was White versus Wild where red eyes in fruit flies are dominant over white eyes. The purpose of the first experiment, Ebony vs. Vestigle was to see how many of the offspring had normal bodies and normal wings, normal bodies and vestigle wings, ebony bodies and normal wings, and ebony body and vestigle wings.
The Brassica rapa plants were bred to live in the colder states of America, such as Michigan and Wisconsin. Up there they have very few times it is actually warm enough for plant growth. So to take advantage of those few short moments, Dr. Williams bred a ...
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
This experiment was performed to test two hypotheses concerning the plant hormone gibberellic acid and a mutant rosette shaped phenotype of the plant Brassica rapa. This experiment was done in order to test the effects o gibberellic acid on plants and its effect on rosette shaped complexes. The two hypotheses in this experiment are as follows: Hypothesis number one states that Gibberellic acid allows for stem elongation in plants. Hypothesis number two. The rosette complex in the rosette phenotype plant contains less gibberellic acid naturally and therefore grows shorter.
“Al Condraj sat on the bench he had made and smelled the parsley garden and didn’t feel humiliated anymore. But nothing could stop him from hating the two men, even though he knew they hadn’t done anything they shouldn’t have done.” (The Parsley Garden, Junior Great Books, Series 6, pg.42)
In the short stories, Marigolds by Eugenia Collier, and The Bet by Anton Chekhov, both Lizabeth and the Lawyer, along with their understanding of life, are similar, as well as very different. While both Lizabeth and the Lawyer develop a deeper understanding and knowledge of their situations by the end of each story, the processes that lead them to these realizations are very different, as race, gender, and social class all play a role in how the two characters develop.
In the short story “Marigolds” by Eugenia Collier, the narrator Lizabeth realizes that she is no longer a child but a grown up woman who renounces her innocence and begins her adulthood by developing a sense of compassion. She learns that the world is more than just the dusty shantytown and a squad of kids she plays with; there are also the complex realities of depression, indifference and poverty. The reason behind this realization is that Lizabeth, at an age of 14, overhears her parents’ conversation about the harsh economic situation that their family is facing. She is filled with anger and detests the unfairness that is given to her family. All these feelings encourage her towards an explosive, malicious act of destruction. She is especially
The idea of the project was to experiment breeding Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) to figure out if certain genes of that species were sex linked or not (autosomal). A mono-hybrid cross and di-hybrid cross was performed. For the mono-hybrid cross, white eyed female and red eyed male were placed in one vial for them to reproduce. For the di-hybrid cross, red eyed and normal winged flies and sepia eyed and vestigial winged flies were placed in their vial to reproduce. In the mono-hybrid cross the results expected were within a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Expected results similar to the expected desired null hypothesis proposed with what the F1 parental generation breeds. The potential results would have had to have been within the ratios of 9:3:3:1. The results were clear and allowed the null hypothesis to be correct. The white eyed gene in the fruit flies is sex linked. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings are not sex linked and are examples of independent assortment.
The “Fast Plant” experiment is an observation of a plants growth over the span of twenty-eight days. The objective is to observe how plants grow and use their resources throughout the span of their life. In our lab we observed the Brassica rapa, a herbaceous plant in the mustard family which has a short cycle which makes it a perfect plant to observe in this experiment. Like other plants the Brassica rapa must use the resources in the environment to create energy to complete itʻs life cycle and reproduce. By observing the plant it is easy to see in what organ or function the plant is using itʻs energy and resources and if overtime the resources switch to other part of the plants. By conducting this experiment we are able to observe where and how plants allocate their resources throughout their life by harvesting plants at different points in their life.
The term GM foods or GMO (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques (Whitman, 2000). These plants have been modified in the laboratory to offer desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content. Also, genetic engineering techniques have been applied to create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and accurately. For example, this is done by the geneticist isolating the gene responsible for drought tolerance and inserts it into another plant. The new genetically-modified plant will now have gained drought tolerance as well.
1) were crossed directly and reciprocally among each other as Nagarkot x Surbhi, Nagarkot x Binwa, Binwa x Nagarkot, Surbhi x Nagarkot, T-397 x Surbhi, T-397 x Binwa, Binwa x T-397 and Surbhi x T-397 to develop F1, F2 and back crosses for studying inheritance of seed colour in three environments i.e. CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University Palampur, Rice and Wheat Research Centre (RWRC), Malan (Himachal Pradesh) and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). However, for flower colour eight true breeding genetically diverse genotypes of flax viz., HimAlsi-2 (white), Chambal (blue), HimAlsi-1 (white), Nagarkot (blue), Surbhi (white), T-397 (blue), Belinka (white) and Jeevan (blue) were crossed directly and reciprocally among each other as HimAlsi-2 x Chambal, HimAlsi-2 x Nagarkot, HimAlsi-2 x T-397, HimAlsi-2 x Jeevan, Chambal x HimAlsi-2, Nagarkot x HimAlsi-2, T-397 x HimAlsi-2, Jeevan x HimAlsi-2, HimAlsi-1 x Chambal, HimAlsi-1 x Nagarkot, HimAlsi-1 x T-397, HimAlsi-1 x Jeevan, Chambal x HimAlsi-1 , Nagarkot x HimAlsi-1 , T-397 x HimAlsi-1 , Jeevan x HimAlsi-1, Surbhix Chambal, Surbhix Nagarkot, Surbhix T-397, Surbhix Jeevan, Chambal x Surbhi, Nagarkot x Surbhi, T-397 x Surbhi, Jeevan x Surbhi, Belinkax Chambal, Belinkax Nagarkot, Belinkax T-397, Belinkax Jeevan, Chambal x Belinka, Nagarkot x Belinka, T-397 x Belinka, Jeevan x Belinka, to develop F1, F2 and back crosses for studying inheritance of flower colour in three environments. The material was grown in randomised block design with three replications during Rabi 2014–15 at experimental farm of Department of Crop Improvement, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University Palampur, RWRC, Malan and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra with row to row and plant to plant spacing of 30 and 5 cm respectively. The
Lemaux, P.G. (2006). Introduction to genetic modification. Agricultural Biotechnology in California Series, 8178. Retrieved from http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8178.pdf