Digestion and absorption
To begin with, during night time, Emma was in her fasted state until the morning of the second day when she woke up and ate her breakfast at 07:00hrs and entered her fed state soon after breakfast. Let’s now summarise the events of digestion and absorption of fats and carbohydrates that Emma experienced during the two-day period.
First of all, digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed into the blood.
Now Emma’s breakfast meal contained bread and sugar which are carbohydrate rich foods. Therefore, these carbohydrate foods were digestion into smaller particles, along the gastrointestinal tract by amylase enzyme produced in the mouth and in the small intestine.
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The other period that Emma was in her fasted state was 4 hours after taking breakfast on the second day as she does not eat lunch. Having established Emma’s post-absorptive period, let’s discuss the metabolism in her diet.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Fasted State
According to Frayn (1996), “the fasted state provides a useful starting point from which to re-examine the patterns of carbohydrates, fat and amino acid metabolism. He further stated that plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin are at their lowest in the normal 24hours cycle and plasma non esterified fatty acids levels at their highest”.
Thus, the metabolic status during Emma’s fasted state entails that the blood glucose concentration was low and the insulin concentration in plasma was relatively low as well. With the low blood sugar levels, glucagon hormone was released and broke down the glycogen (glycogenosis) in the liver into glucose and some from glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis). Glucose synthesis in the muscle was mobilized from alanine, lactate, and glycerol from the lipolysis of adipose tissues and was used within the muscle
8 of the 13 participants had their food strictly restricted. They were given an hour to eat and the different restriction levels were measured.
Glucose consumption in the tissues and glucose production are balanced when the body is at rest. At the start of exercising the energy the body gets quickly is from the anaerobic metabolism using mostly muscle glycogen...
== Amylase is an enzyme found in our bodies, which digest starch into
... metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogen. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25 (6): 733-40.
diets. When the last one-third of the period in the hospital was analyzed it was found
The digestive system otherwise known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is a long tube which runs from the mouth to the anus. It operates to break down the food we eat from large macromolecules such as starch, proteins and fats, which can’t be easily absorbed, into readily absorbable molecules such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Once broken down, these molecules can cross the cells lining the small intestine, enter into the circulatory system and be transported around the body finally being used for energy, growth and repair.
Imagine you are eating a sandwich containing wheat bread, ham, lettuce, and Swiss cheese. Do you ever wonder where the nutrients go from all of the previous listed ingredients? Well, when a bite of this sandwich is taken, the mouth produces a saliva enzyme called amylase. This enzyme immediately goes to work by breaking down the carbohydrates that are in the bread. Once, the bite is completely chewed, the contents then are swallowed and go down the esophagus and begin to head towards the upper esophageal sphincter and the is involuntarily pushed towards the stomach. The next passage for the sandwich is to go through the lower esophageal sphincter; which transports the sandwich into the stomach.
Exercise has an effect on the body similar to that of insulin by stimulating cell to take up blood glucose fo...
As the digestive system breaks down your food, after it's broken down it turns into energy. Your circulatory system takes some the produced energy and transports it around the body, delivering it and other blood, nutrients, oxygen, and more compounds to every cell in your body. The digestive depends on the circulatory as much as it does vice versa because they need the blood, nutrients, and energy (broken down food) that was produced from both systems. Many digestive organs need to use about 30% of cardiac output. Both the digestive and circulatory systems get rid of unwanted or unneeded materials (waste) and feces (poop). The vial substances are absorbed by the small intestine, where it is put into the bloodstream, so it can be circulated around the body. The most important thing is that with no nutrients and circulation, there's no life.
During digestion, the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that could then be used by the body’s cells and tissues in order to perform functions. This starts off in the mouth with the physical movements of chewing and the chemical breakdown by saliva. Enzymes in the stomach break food down further after traveling from the mouth through the esophagus. The food from here then moves into the small intestine, where pancreatic juices and enzymes dissolve proteins, carbohydrates, and fibers, and bile from the liver breaks down fats into these small molecules. Any portion of the fibers or food that were unable to be broken down are passed from the small intestine to the large intestine, which is where the digestive tract transitions into the excretory tract, then the colon and out of the rectum. Any liquids that have been stripped of their nutrients by the body proceed from the stomach to the kidneys. In the kidneys, sodium ions (Na+), uric acid, and urea are exchanged with water, which moves urinary bladder and is excreted through the
Digestion have a function of breaking down all food into our body. Our body use all nutrients to help in the process been health and growth. Digestion supplied small molecules that will be absorbed into our bloodstream.
...he Buttermilk White bread. The food makes its way to the transverse colon and extra nutrients are released form the cellulose of the undigested particles. It continues on to the descending colon. There I start to manufacture vitamin K and other B-complex vitamins. Those are then absorbed into my large intestine.
Under a fasted state adipocytes respond to a high glucagon:insulin ratio by hydrolyzing TAGs into free FAs and glycerol. The FAs may be taken up by other cells and used to produce energy through β-oxidation within the mitochondrial matrix. The glycerol may enter gluconeogenesis [1].
The benefits of fasting must be preceded by a look at the body's progression when deprived of food. Due to the lack of incoming energy, the body must turn to its own resources, a function called autolysis. (2) Autolysis is the breaking down of fat stores in the body in order to produce energy. The liver is in charge of converting the fats into a chemical called a ketone body, "the metabolic substances acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid" (3), and then distributing these bodies throughout the body via the blood stream. "When this fat utilization occurs, free fatty acids are released into the blood stream and are used by the liver for energy." (3) The less one eats, the more the body turns to these stored fats and creates these ketone bodies, the accumulation of which is referred to as ketosis. (4)
There are numerous metabolic diseases that affect people all around the world. One of the most common metabolic diseases is diabetes which involves carbohydrate metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism starts with digestion in the small intestine where simple carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream (1). Blood sugar (glucose) concentrations are managed by three hormones: insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. When glucose concentrations in the blood become elevated, insulin is secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the transfer of glucose into the cells, especially in the liver and muscle tissue, although other organs are also able to process glucose (2).