Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Investigation on electrolysis
Electrolysis of investigatory
Report on electrolysis
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Investigation on electrolysis
The electrodialysis setup consists of: an ED cell, a power DC, a brine tank, a feed tank, an electrode rinse tank, three centrifugal pumps (P = 84W, total head = 4.2 m) equipped each with a flowmeter and three valves to control feed flow rate. Fig. 2 shows a simplified diagram of the electrodialysis setup working in continuous mode.
Fig. 2 Schematic of the electrodialysis system used in this study.
The electrodialysis operation was carried out on a laboratory stack “PCCell ED 64 002” supplied by PCA-Polymerchemie Altmeier GmbH and PCCell GmbH, Heusweiler, Germany. As shown in Fig 3, ED cell is packed with ion exchange membranes (cation and anion), spacers and a pair of electrodes (anode and cathode). Both electrodes are made of Pt/Ir - coated Titanium. The membranes and spacers are stacked between the two electrode-end blocks. Plastic separators are placed between the membranes to form the flow paths of the dilute and concentrate streams. These spacers are designed to minimize boundary layer effects and are arranged in the stack so that all the dilute and concentrate streams are manifolded separately. In this way a repeating section called a cell pair is formed; it consists of a cation exchange membrane, a dilute flow spacer, an anion-exchange membrane, and a concentrate flow spacer. In this work, experiments were carried out by this stack equipped with three cation exchange membranes (CEM) and two anion exchange membranes (AEM).
For each membrane, the active surface area is 0.0064 m2 and the flow channel width between two membranes is 0.5 mm.
Fig. 3 Schematic of the ED cell used in this study.
PC-SK standard cation exchange membranes and PC-SA standard anion exchange membranes are used in the stack. Information given by the manu...
... middle of paper ...
... the applied potential, I the applied current, V the dilute stream volume and t is the time.
2.5.5. The current efficiency CE
The mole number of an ion crossing the membrane from the dilute to the concentrate solutions during the time t is compared to the number of faradays involved in the operation. The ratio of the two numbers is called current efficiency.
The current efficiency is an important parameter that determines the optimum range of applicability of electrodialysis. It is a measure of how effective ions are transported across the ion exchange membranes for a given applied current. It is calculated using the following equation [20, 21]:
CE=(∆N_A.F)/Q
Where NA is the equivalent number of A transferred per cell during the interval of time t, Q the current quantity supplied to the system during the same time and F is the Faraday constant (96 485 A s mol−1).
Here, ta and tCl denotes the transport number of anion a and Cl ion, respectively. [a]B and [Cl]B are the concentration (eq/m3) of anion a and Cl in the diluted compartment, respectively. [Ja] (eq/m2s) denotes the flux of anion a and[Js] the sum of all ion fluxes through the anion exchange membrane. Thus, PaCl defined by eq.(1) shows the transport number ratio of anion a and Cl at ...
In the diagram below on the right, we see two solutions divided by a partially/selectively permeable membrane (i.e. one that is porous, but allows water molecules through faster than dissolved substances). Text Box: Originally, the two solutions were; pure water, on the left, and sugar solution with a high sugar concentration, on the right. The pure water solution is said to have higher water potential than the concentrated sugar solution, because the water will flow from the area of high concentration of free water molecules (the dilute solution), to the area of low concentration of free water molecules (the concentrated solution). In other words, to the sugar solution.
In life, it is critical to understand what substances can permeate the cell membrane. This is important because the substances that are able to permeate the cell membrane can be necessary for the cell to function. Likewise, it is important to have a semi-permeable membrane in the cell due to the fact that it can help guard against harmful items that want to enter the cell. In addition, it is critical to understand how water moves through the cell through osmosis because if solute concentration is unregulated, net osmosis can occur outside or inside the cell, causing issues such as plasmolysis and cytolysis. The plasma membrane of a cell can be modeled various ways, but dialysis tubing is especially helpful to model what substances will diffuse or be transported out of a cell membrane. The experiment seeks to expose what substances would be permeable to the cell membrane through the use of dialysis tubing, starch, glucose, salt, and various solute indicators. However, before analyzing which of the solutes (starch, glucose, and salt) is likely to pass through the membrane, it is critical to understand how the dialysis tubing compares to the cell membrane.
and the absorbance values of the standard solutions were recorded. Finally in Part C, the λmax and
I therefore predict that the higher the intensity, the greater the emf across the cell, the greater the power output of the
In the literature, several techniques for energy conversion of the salinity gradient have been proposed: pressure-retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, and vapor-pressure difference utilization. The main drawback of these membrane-based conversion techniques was the high price of membranes. However, the decreasing prices of membranes for desalinatio...
Water purification systems for space travel have been adapted to work here on Earth as everyday household items. The technology used in the Apollo lunar mission has been successfully commercialized for use on Earth, and a system based on the ISS’s water purifier is widely used as a means of water purification in developing countries today.
First to completely understand the electrolysis process, one must start from the basics, electrons. Electrons play a big role in the electrolysis progression. They are in every step along the way, and knowing what they do and how they work will help a considerable amount in understanding this very complicated process. Electrons, by definition, are negatively charged particles found in the atom. Neutrons and protons inside the atom accompany them. Electrons are extremely small, and by combining all of them, they give off a nega...
E_cell^o was determined to be 0 V since the same metal was used as the electrodes. In doing so, the differences in the standard reduction potentials was 0 V. The R value, the ideal gas constant is given in 8.314 J/(mol K), T is the temperature at standard conditions (298.15 K), n is the number of electrons transferred (2 in this case), and F is the Faraday Constant of 96485.3399 J/(V mol). The reaction quotient, Q, was determined to equal the concentration of the concentrated Copper ion divided by the diluted Copper ion concentration (Q=([Cu_diluted^(2+)])/([Cu_concentrated^(2+)])= .05 M). The average corrected Ecell was found to be .042 V, givng a 10.52% error when compared to the theoretical
Table 3. 1 lists expressions for the resistance Coefficient and values for the flow exponent for each of the formulas
At the cathode the hydrogen ions gain an electron. They are discharged and are converted into hydrogen gas: 2H (+) + 2e (-) → H2 At the anode, the hydroxide, not the sulphate ions are discharged. Water and oxygen gas are formed: 4OH (-) → 2 H2O + O2 + 4e (-) The hydrogen gas can be collected and measured. The greater the volume of hydrogen gas formed over a set period of time, the faster electrolysis is occurring.
The new solution should be able to last long in order to provide long-term water purification method for the residents in Sandikhola. Therefore only regular maintenance need to be carried out. Thus, it is not necessary to replace the whole system which can cause more hassles and extra costs.
In the study of electrolysis education.com did some research and an experiment on it. This experiment took place in 2006. They found that baking soda was a good source to add to the water so the hydrogen and oxygen molecules would split. In the study of Nicholson and Carlisle they were the
With growing advancement there are various membranes manufactured today and these are classified according to their different features
The waste water from different units may not have the same characteristics and hence these wastes cannot be directly fed in to the treatment plant. Waste water characteristics such as pH, BOD, Total solids etc varies for different units of production. In such cases, an equalization tank may be provided to receive and hold the different waste. During the holding time, fluctuations in the values of pH and BOD will be reduced. Blending of cool and hot wastes, acids and alkalies, strong waste and dilute waste nullifies or minimizes their pollution characteristics and renders them