Electroconvulsive Therapy: Why is it Effective?
Reported for the first time in the 18th century, was the use of convulsive therapy.
Psychiatrists observed that after spontaneous epileptic seizure the psychiatric conditions of patients improved. Previously, in the sixteenth-century, Paracelsus, a Swiss physician and alchemist gave camphor by mouth to produce convulsions and to cure lunacy. Originally, the induced convulsions treated severe catatonic stupors and schizophrenia. Today we know the convulsions are secondary to grand mal seizures in the brain, and that the seizure is the primary therapeutic agent of electroconvuslive therapy (ECT). Metrazol and Cardiazol later replaced Camphor because of its rapid onset. The extremely unpleasant sensations led investigators to seek alternative methods and electroconvulsive therapy was born. Electrical stimulation first tested epileptic seizures on dogs and pigs, and its first treatment helped a delusional, hallucinating homeless man diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1938. After chronic administration of ECT, the patient fully recovered.
The introduction of ECT to the United States created a burst of therapeutic optimism in psychiatry. Psychiatrists used ECT experimentally on patients with major mental disorders. This led to its current use for Major Depression. A negative stigma has remained since movies like One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest stress the abuse of ECT: "The Shock Shop, Mr. McMurphy . . . might be said to do the work of the sleeping pill, the electric chair and the torture rack. It's a clever little procedure, simple, quick, nearly painless it happens so fast, but no one ever wants another one. Ever".
The idea that all the Doctor has to do is "push...
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...s of action of ECT and severe mental illness in hopes of coming to a definitive conclusion about why they occur, and how treatment is effective.
References
1)Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia
http://216.33.236.250/cgi-bin/linkrd?_lang=EN&lah=30be936c7eacf7d274cd042e821d4c1b&lat=1020887143&hm___action=http%3a%2f%2fwww%2epriory%2ecom%2fpsych%2fectol2%2ehtm%23links
2) Abrams, R. (1997). Electroconvulsive Therapy. (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3)Electroconvulsive Therapy
http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.ect.html
4)ECT and Receptor Function
http://www.biopsychiatry.com/5ht3.htm
5)Depression FAQ
http://paranormal.se/faq/depression.html
6)All about ECT- Electroconvulsive Therapy
http://www.medhelp.org/
Recommended Reference
7)ECT On-line: Some ECT links
http://www.priory.com/psych/ectol2.htm#links
...ects, which in my opinion shows that its introduction into society (decriminalization) could benefit the community in many aspects (such as volunteering for a good cause) due to the increased sensibility that one may develop in regards to the society/others. I find that society has been misinformed about this chemical, seeing it solemnly as dangerous substance and classifying it along with physically harmful and potentially deadly substances such as heroin and cocaine. Not only is psilocybin non-lethal, but its potential for abuse is lower than that of caffeine. To summarize and conclude, I find that used responsibly, psilocybin along with other entheogens can be beneficial for one’s mental health and that more light needs to be shed on its benefits to allow society to see it in a different angle rather than what is propagated through the media about it today.
Many adolescent have to learn many things from the events in their lives. Freaks and Geeks show characters adapting to the changes in their life and learn to adjust them. Neal Schweiber, a freshman at McKinley High School and friends with Sam Weir in episode 12, learns that his father is having an affair with his mother. He reacts to this situation by lashing out at his friends and other family members. Neal finally comes to terms with the fact that his father cheating and adjust to life with it. This shows the changes in Neal family life and he learns to adapt to it. He develops into a mature adult and learn the lesson of life. This lesson is of people, like his father, who have a mid-life crisis and they tried many things to avoid the feeling of it. Another example is Sam Weir, in episode 17, breaks up with his long time crush, Cindy Sanders. Sam learns that Cindy is actually very shallow and boring and that isn’t what he is looking for. This strays from the stereotype of having the popular person always break up with less popular person and having people always think that adolescent always have true love in high school. Sam in particular learns t...
Madness: A History, a film by the Films Media Group, is the final installment of a five part series, Kill or Cure: A History of Medical Treatment. It presents a history of the medical science community and it’s relationship with those who suffer from mental illness. The program uses original manuscripts, photos, testimonials, and video footage from medical archives, detailing the historical progression of doctors and scientists’ understanding and treatment of mental illness. The film compares and contrasts the techniques utilized today, with the methods of the past. The film offers an often grim and disturbing recounting of the road we’ve taken from madness to illness.
... in assisting those who care about the bipolar individual, as well as providing socialization and a means to not feel alone. Generally, as a last resort, electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT is used. An electrical current is passed through the brain. This is thought to change the brain chemistry and increase the mood. This is used only for severe depression or when symptoms are unsuccessfully treated with medications. People with Bipolar Disorder are encouraged to avoid drinking alcohol, avoid the use of street drugs or misusing prescription medications, avoid unhealthy relationships, get plenty of sleep, and exercise on a regular basis. One thing is clear. The person themselves must be active in their own well-being in order to maintain a relatively healthy and productive lifestyle. In so doing, the prognosis for someone diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder is very good.
...y, it is a disease where friends have to stand by and watch their friends die. The death toll of AIDS could have been reduced, many people believe, if it had been handle correctly. Although, when one thinks about it from Mayor Koch’s seat there was only so much he could have done. Koch never wrote or said anything that was malicious toward the AIDS community. Like many, it seemed he wanted to help but did not know exactly how to do it properly. Every move someone made when it came to AIDS was brutally scrutinized by both sides of the t so many politicians didn’t know what they could possibly do. The nature of this disease and the political ramifications drive home the overarching idea that the sexual is political because without the sexual nature of this plague it would not have been as difficult to deal with politically and millions of lives could have been saved.
Due to the development of safer and less traumatic ways of administering ECT, the treatment has made a comeback, is greatly used, and proves to be effective. B. Historical Context The original use of electricity as a cure for “insanity” dates back to the beginning of the 16th century when electric fish were used to treat headaches. Electroconvulsive therapy on humans originates from research in the 1930’s into the effects of camphor-induced seizures in people with schizophrenia ( Guttmacher, 1994).
His mental condition of four years was fully relieved”. ECT gives second chances to patients who appear lifeless and hopeless. It's almost impossible to eliminate all risks and side effects in any surgical or non-surgical procedures and ECT is no different. It depends on individual whether the side effect has a greater impacts on their life then the mental illness itself. In source B, Larry Wilson an ECT patient has experienced memory loss. But, he states that, “the side effects of Prozac...seem worst to me than forgetting a few things”. Where in source C, a famous victim, Ernest Hemingway, “shot himself two days after leaving the hospital” because he felt that ECT erased his memory which is far
In reference to the Journal of the American Medical Association, the magnitude of ECT trials executed in the United States surpasses appendectomy, coronary bypass, or hernia repair. While the most universal submission of ECT is for psychological infirmities, the uses of ECT vary from superlative depression and schizophrenia to cancer and Parkinson’s disease.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first developed in 1938. It has a history of abuse, exploited as a means of punishing or controlling people in mental hospitals, consequently ECT had poor reputation with negative depictions, but since then it has drastically improved with confirmed effectiveness. Despite the improvement in techniques, the use of ECT continues to decline since the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE,2003) states that it should only be administered to severely depressed patients for whom psychotherapy and medication have proved ineffective or when the condition is considered potentially life threatening. For example, when there is a risk of suicide or risk to others because ECT has much quicker results than any other forms of treatment for depression. Overall, the aim of this PowerPoint is to provide information on how ECT is administered, how or why it works, benefits, side effects, appropriateness and effectiveness.
The federal ”Baby Doe” rule was the first effort made by the US government to get involved in the treatment options for newborns born with serious congenital defects. The case started in 1982 in Bloomington, Indiana in concerns to an infant baby who went by the name of Doe. The topic of impaired infants born with severe congenital defects gained national attention in April of 1982 when baby Doe was born. Baby Doe was born with Down Syndrome a genetic condition that delays child development and he was also born with an abnormal assembly of the trachea and esophagus. Baby Doe needed immediate surgery to mend the birth defects.
Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures,1 and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological and social consequences of this condition. An epileptic seizure is a brief disturbance of consciousness, behavior, emotion, motor function, or sensation that is due to abnormal electrical discharge in the brain.2 In partial-onset epilepsy, these bursts of electrical activity are initially focused in specific areas of the brain, but may become more generalized, with symptoms varying according to the affected areas. Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological condition in the UK.3 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated its prevalence to be affecting approximately 5-8 per 1000 people.4 Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the major therapeutic option. Over a dozens of AEDs are introduced in the last 2 decades (Table 1.1). Between 1990 and 2011, 15 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). These drugs are Eslicarbazepine ace...
The rationale for ECT is to provide relief from the signs and symptoms of mental illnesses such as severe depression, mania, and catatonic schizophrenia. ECT is indicated when patients need rapid improvement because they are suicidal, at risk of self-harm, refuse to eat or drink or are non compliant with prescribed medication. ECT will only be prescribed after adequate trials of other treatment options have proved to be ineffective or the condition is considered potentially life threatening (NICE 2010). A programme of ECT refers to no more than 12 treatments, prescribed by a consultant psychiatrist, following a psychiatric examination of the patient with a mental disorder for which use of ECT is indicated (Mental Health Commission 2009).
Raleigh response to Marlowe in the poem " The Nymph's Replay to the Shepherd". In his Poem, Raleigh emphsaies his view of love. It is opposed by the poem and be decided on the importance of love, especially love with the outlook of life. He starts talking about his poem look associated with youth and love for the truth in the tone of the tongue and the opinion of the poet. Then confirm that these pleasures are the property of the people who live-in a moment of love and the current will move with them in the path of eternal love. This all th...
Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh both create speakers who disagree about the nature of romantic love. The titles of the twin poems, “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,” by Marlowe, and “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd,” by Raleigh, show that they are two sides of a rhetorical exchange. The poems’ structures are identical; each of the shepherd’s optimistic requests has a corresponding refusal from the nymph. Although the word choice and meters are similar in the two poems, the shepherd uses an optimistic tone while the nymph uses a pessimistic one. While both speakers are addressing the concept of love, their distinct uses of diction and imagery underscore how the shepherd’s optimism conflicts with the nymph’s skepticism.
The spark of Psychology came in the 1900’s with many discoverers and inventions that are used today to help treat many disorders and conditions. From Chimpanzee studies to the first neurotransmitter, the 1900’s brought tons to the field of psychology. A work by Rollo May: The Meaning of Anxiety explained a well known problem among millions of people worldwide known as Anxiety. In 1974 D. T. Wong discovered a popular drug used to treat Depression, OCD, and...