1.1 Introduction
The benefits of introduce Electric Vehicle (EV) into power network have been demonstrated in vast amount of literatures. Functionalities such as damping out the oscillation of electricity quality, responding to demand schedule, acting as the back-up reserve and accommodating the penetration of wind power generation are sufficiently analysed based on the assumption of perfect prediction and management of EV mobility.
However, there exist many drawbacks of oversimplified assumption of EV mobility. First, lots of existing models rooted their research within the existing private car ownership models, which generally predict the fleet size in a given area as a function of average car price, average house hold income or even use current vehicles data. But other attributes such as the variation of tax credit and households’ multi-purpose trip have significant impacts on people’s eagerness to purchase EVs as well. Second, the electricity demand of EVs are predicted on the basis of fixed vehicle usage model that EVs are sometime connected to electric grid without affecting vehicle owners’ daily trips. But the truth is vehicle owners may adjust their travel behaviour according to the tariff to minimise their cost. Additional rebates by allowing network operator to access their batteries can also be differential driving force to further change vehicle owners’ travel behaviour and parking choice.
On the other hand, lots of gaps need to be filled in, of which one particular filed is the electrification of public transport. Electrified public transport are discussed either in fields like continuous charging on road or the deployment of charging station surround existing routes. At this stage, government and investors need som...
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... as “cheap electrification” because it had many of the advantages of traditional electrification, but the initial cost was dramatically cheaper(Lecture Notes, 2/19/14). The story of railway electrification showed that just because a particular technology is better than an existing one, does not necessarily mean that it will win out in the end. The success of the “better” technology largely depends on what people want at the time, the magnitude of change required to adopt the “better” technology, and people’s willingness to accept that degree of change.
The Automotive, or electric car industry particularly, comprises all those companies and activities involved in the manufacture of electric motor vehicles (EV), including most components, such as engines, bodies and rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. The industry’s principal products are passenger automobiles. Despite the fact that the first electric cars were produced in 1880s , the advances in internal combustion engines, especially the electric starter, soon diminished the relative advantages of the electric car and became the dominant design in the market. Due to this the EV was almost a forgotten industry staying in the early stage of development, conforming to less than 1% of the automotive stock
So, the Chairman for General Motors’, Alfred P. Sloan, didn’t just want to demolish the electric railways, he wanted to replace them with something else: buses. He is hoping that no one would want to ride the buses due to bad service, which would ultimately lead to purchasing a General Motors’ automobile for private
Gas prices raise and lower in very fast rates every month. According to a 2012 report by The Huffington Post, the average human will spend two thousand dollars to fill up their tank every year. Electric cars will turn that statistic into zero dollars a year for certain people that have made the switch. According to Mary Kathryn Campbell, “The average cost of electricity in the US is 12 cents per kWh. Therefore, the average person driving an average EV 15,000 miles per year pay about $540.00 per year to charge it.” (Plug in America, Campbell). Electric cars will save the average person around one thousand four hundred and sixty dollars a year. Although switching to an electric car is very good for your pocket, you will still have to spend a lot of money on the maintenance and electricity the car needs. Drivers will have to buy things like home charging stations, which range from five thousand to one thousand dollars. It is also a challenge to calculate how much money is spent on electricity a year. As Brad Berman, of PlugInCars.com states, the actual cost for a kWh varies widely across the U.S., and can swing wildly even within a location based on utility rate plans, season, tiers, time-of-use programs and home solar. Forecasting actual EV fuels costs is a tough challenge.” (Plugin Cars, Berman). Switching to electric cars will save you a lot of money on gas, but you will also have to worry about other things like maintenance and charging
The idea of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been around for longer than a decade, as many people may not have originally thought. In fact, hybrid vehicles have been in development for the past century. The combination of an electric motor and a gasoline engine has been stirring in the minds of scientists and inventors alike for many years. Hybrid cars have surpassed many feats as it's progressed through the years, such as increased gas mileage and reducing the pollutants that regular internal combustion engines expel. While the hybrid car is in high demand at the present time, some people believe these cars are just a quick resolution before bigger and better ideas, such as fuel cell vehicles, begin taking over the automobile industry. Still, the development of the hybrid car has had many effects on today's society and may continue to in the future.
A revolutionary environmental impact to pollution is provided by electric cars which produce zero emissions and provide a replenishable fuel resource. Toxic emissions into our earth’s environment would be reduced immediately as gas powered, pollution emitting vehicles are replaced with non-polluting, battery powered vehicles. Not only will pollution be reduced, but the means that power these vehicles are a renewable resource. Electricity can now be created by environmentally safer means, such as hydro-electric dams, wind farms, and various types of power plants proving a sound resource. With a safer, less polluting, renewabl...
Environmental concerns have been raised from time to time because of the dependency on the gasoline-fueled engine as the chief auto powertrain technology. This has resulted in exposing many automobile users to unpredictable prices of fuel. These issues were, however, the reason for the inception of Tesla Motors so as to bring into existence another set of automotive which serves the similar purpose; but uses another form of energy that being electricity to drive them instead of the disadvantageous gasoline-powered engine. This invention was influenced by a number of factors in terms of their planning and performance (Hunger, 2010).
Imagine that you’re driving on an open highway in the middle of summer. All you see in front of you is asphalt for miles and miles. The windows are down and your favorite song comes on the radio. You’re behind the wheel of a Tesla Model S, the newest electric car that can go from zero to sixty miles per hour in 2.4 seconds. This will soon be the future of all motor vehicles. Electric cars are beginning to have colossal impacts on our society because of their energy efficiency, performance benefits, and the fact that they are less harmful to the environment. In the near future, electric cars will dominate the road and eventually the planet’s overall need for oil will decrease immensely.
In this case study I will be discussing advantages and disadvantages of electric cars. Electric cars are cars that are powered by electricity. Electric vehicles are an important part of cutting emissions and reducing global warming. The battery of an electric car stores electrical energy. The electric motor is coupled to the wheels through gears; it converts 59-60% of electrical energy into the wheels. The battery runs the motor which allows the car to move. Electric cars are necessary as they will save money, because electricity is cheaper than gas. Also electric vehicles will help reduce global warming and pollution. However, some people say that electric cars still have environmental costs. The electricity used to recharge EV batteries has to come from somewhere in the world, and now, most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels. Although electric vehicles are classified as green cars, purists will not appreciate the toxicity of the batteries.
Well-designed electric vehicles, like those produced by major auto companies, travel at speeds equivalent to conventional vehicles and offer all the same safety and high-performance features. Lower Operating Costs The per-mile fuel cost of operating an electric vehicle can be less than one-third that of a gasoline-powered car. The exact amount of savings depends on the local electricity rate, which varies from utility to utility. In addition, electric vehicle owners say goodbye to many familiar maintenance costs–no more tune-ups, oil changes or muffler replacements. No Gas Stations One of the conveniences electric vehicle drivers like the most is that “refueling” can be done easily and safely at home overnight, at work, or at public locations like shopping centers, where electric charging units have been installed.
Electric Buses - an Energy Efficient Urban Transportation Means." Energy 35.12 (2010): 4510-3. Web. Kirsch, David A., and Gijs P. A. Mom. " Visions of Transportation: The EVC and the Transition from Service- to Product-Based Mobility.
Most people today fill up their car with different qualities of petrol, because that's what the average car takes. They don't usually consider an alternative for the petrol that they load into their cars. Although petrol is widely used, it is not the only source for a car to get its power from; diesel and electricity are alternatives to the general petrol used by most cars. Although different from each other, diesel and electricity are alternatives to the average gasoline received at a gas station. Diesel is a more concentrated type of fuel that is usually used by big automobiles because they require a lot of power in a little amount of time. Electricity is a method that uses the power of batteries to produce a low horsepower but, nevertheless fast automobile. Electric cars are generally created to be soundless and environment friendly. The purpose of this paper is to classify and educate the reader of the different types of fuel available for an automobile to use: petrol, diesel, and electricity. The general petrol, used by most people, is usually the only type of fuel accepted on the average car in the United States today.
There is no doubt that electric cars are the most appealing from of transportation in the world. They provide two of the most important key points of good transportation: reliable and efficient. They are reliable due to their simplicity of their power trains and the advancement of technology they have. They are efficient because they don't use any gasoline and because their motors can pass the zero-emission standard. Even though they may seem like a boring form of transportation, they offer good features that help keep the Earth's air clean and they help reduce pollution.
We all use vehicles for transportation. People usually go to their desired destination either by driving their own cars or traveling in public transportation. Actually, it might be tough to choose that which one is the best selection for people to travel. Many people choose one of them according to their comfort while traveling and both of them have advantages and disadvantages in different conditions. Public transportation and driving own car both shares differences and similarities in many aspects, such as facility, cost, and comfort as well as traffic jam and accident occurrence.
Hybrid cars are already a well-accepted part of the landscape but many other radical new technologies have been launched or are under development that will revolutionise travel in the cities of the future. Solar-powered buses and trains that obviate the need to build new tracks by straddling existing highways are two of the more eye-catching projects in the