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How gender is constructed
How gender is constructed
How gender is constructed
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The article The Egg and the Sperm: How Science has constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles by Emily Martin explains the social constructs of stereotypes and how they are central to our perception of the world around us. Culture is something that shapes how even biological scientists describe what they discover about the natural world. Furthermore, Martin takes a deeper look into the scientific accounts of reproductive technology. She explains how stereotypes with genders are hidden with scientific language of biology. As Martin is discussing the egg and the sperm, she points out a contrast between the two and describes each reproductive organ. The sperm is usually portrayed as the superior reproductive organ while the
Martin, Emily. "The Egg and the Sperm." Fields of Reading. 6th ed. Ed. Nancy R. Comley et al. New York: St. Martin's, 2001.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to help those who want children but struggle with infertility. The process consists of extracting eggs from a woman and collecting a man’s sperm sample then manually combining them in a lab dish. Once the embryo(s) are created they are transferred to a woman’s uterus. IVF is commonly used in woman who cannot conceive on their own due to different reasonings. “These include but are not limited to blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, male factor infertility, woman with ovulation disorders, genetic disorders, woman who have had their fallopian tubes removed and unexplained infertility.” (American Pregnancy)
A stereotype is a widely adopted idea about a certain group of individuals, which can sometimes take form of sexism as well. According to Emily Martin (1991), a renowned anthropologist, feminist, writer, and currently a professor of Anthropology at New York University, language in scientific literature is often ignored in terms of its misogynistic remarks and gender biased descriptions. Martin (1991) argues that it creates false perceptions of the female body. In her article, ‘The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles’, published in 1991, she addresses fertilization from a feminist point of view mainly building upon the issue of language when describing the role of male and female
There are often many stereotypes in a society. The most common are the stereotypes that compare women and men. For example, women are thought of to cook, clean, and take care of the children in a family. On the contrary, men are supposedly the working, dominant, money-makers within a household. In a reflection titled “Guys vs. Men,” humorist, Dave Barry, strays away from those stereotypes, not completely, but to instead compare the stereotypes of “guys” and the stereotypes of “men.” Barry’s purpose is to prove that people think of men to have more of a serious, mature, and responsible nature. On the other hand, guys have a more playful nature and a less serious side to them, which shows that they are young at heart. He addresses the stereotype in a humorous tone, as well as strategically formatting it with multiple comparisons, in order to keep the atmosphere light and friendly
In this piece the author, Deborah Blum, explores the relationship that gender plays both in our biological make up and in society. Blum is a Pulitzer Prize recipient who is well known for her scientific journalism. Working for the Sacramento Bee Blum she has published a wide verity of pieces but is most known for her book The Poisoner’s Handbook. In this piece titled “Gender Blur” she asks the astonishing question of: do the gender roles of our culture reflect an underlying biology, and, in turn, does the way we behave influence that biology? This is her central topic and does a good job at identifying different aspects that can be examined within the issue, giving specific examples and a wide variety of them.
Diamond emphasizes in his article on how Scientifics attribute gender identity to the environment. Consequently, given this line of reasoning in the medical field, there is the predicament in raising a male child with a futile penis or a female child with a dysfunctional vagina, as Diamond states. In most of the cases they chose to implant a vagina in these children (1997, p.1). However, the implantations of a vagina in these children will not change the fact embodied by their genes, no matter how much encouragement, psychological therapies or even intake of estrogen would befall, none of these will change what they truly are. Human kind comes to this world with specific characteristics encoded in their chromosomes, these biological factors must be allowed to develop and function as they are in ...
This article was written to bring attention to the way men and women act because of how they were thought to think of themselves. Shaw and Lee explain how biology determines what sex a person is but a persons cultures determines how that person should act according to their gender(Shaw, Lee 124). The article brings up the point that, “a persons gender is something that a person performs daily, it is what we do rather than what we have” (Shaw, Lee 126). They ...
The Female Reproductive System parts are gametes, which is a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in several reproductions to form a zygote. Egg is a person possessing a specified quantity. Ovum is a mature female reproductive cell especially of a human or other animal that van divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell. Vaginal is a muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus in women and most female mammals. Labia is the inner and outer folds of the vulva, at either side of the vagina. Clitoris is a small sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals at the anterior end of the vulva. Urethra is a duct by which urine is convey out of the body from the bladder and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen. Hymen is a membrane that partially closes the opening of the vagina and whose presence is traditionally taken to be a mark of virginity. Uterus is the organ in the lower body of a women or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the womb. Cervix is a narrow like passage forming the lower end of the uterus. Fallopian tube is either of a pert of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Ovary is a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produces, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair. Estrogen is a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintained of female characteristics of the body. Progesterone is a steroid hormone released by the corpus lutetium that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. The Male Reproductive System parts are testes, which is an organ that produces spermatozo...
“The Pregnancy Project”, a movie based on real event, shows how a senior in high school faked her pregnancy for her senior project. In the movie she showed how her fellow students seen her as a stereotype. A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. The students at her school...
In “The Egg and the Sperm”, Martin explains how societies predisposed views can interfere with real scientific research. However, she starts with posing no opinion, saying she is “intrigued by the possibility that culture shapes how biological scientists describe what they discover about the natural world” (845). It’s not until the next page she acknowledges the harmful effects by pointing out that “the stereotypes imply not only that female biological processes are less worthy than their male counterparts, but that women are less worthy than men” (846). Martin goes on to explain why this idea that the male's reproductive system is superior to females is so deeply ingrained in our minds. She talks about how menstruation is seen as a failure,
Ortner, Sherry B. "Is Female To Male As Nature Is To Culture?" Ed. Ellen Lewin.
Martin, Emily. "The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles." Gender, Sex, and Sexuality. New York: Oxford University, 2009. 248-53. Print.
The reproductive systems are based off of the goal to create offspring. Both the male and the female reproductive systems, although fueled by a similar goal, have different components and structures. Both systems are very complex in their own way, making it important for one to understand how each of the systems and their various processes work. Knowing the processes and components of the male and female reproductive systems will aid all people in their life, sometime or another. It’s important to understand how our individual bodies work and how life is produced.
Society has planted a representation into people’s minds on how each gender is supposed to be constructed. When one thinks of the word gender, the initial responses are male and female but gender may be represented in many additional terms. As defined, “Gender refers to the social expectations that surround these biological categories.” (Steckley, 2017, pg.256) Gender is something that is ascribed,
Reese, C. (2000). Biological Differences Establish Gender Roles. Male/female roles: opposing viewpoints (pp. 18-19). San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press.