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Research paper on history of vaccines
Publications of edward jenner
Research paper on history of vaccines
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The name Edward Jenner is a name that many folks do not recognize. However, that was just how Edward wanted it. Under the radar, Jenner’s goal was not for eminence or glory; being able to save lives was his only objective. Through his diligence, Jenner got people to come aboard his notion of the Earth’s most destructive epidemic, smallpox. Because of this, Jenner was able to cure smallpox, discovering the first ever vaccination in 1796. It was not just Jenner finding a solution to smallpox that made him a hero; it was about his ambition of putting others before himself, and his unwillingness to be satisfied of doing a mediocre job as smallpox took its toll on the United
The book jumps to a distressing story about Peter Los in 1970 in West Germany who became ill due to smallpox. After ten days he was hospitalized but medical staff did not realize he had smallpox, which is highly contagious. Preston gives vivid descriptions of the disease and how it ravages the body. Los survived his illness, but caused an epidemic that killed many others that had become exposed to him. “Today, the people who plan for a smallpox emergency can’t get the image of the Meschede hospital out of their minds.
In the book Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82 by Elizabeth A. Fenn, the author provides a fresh outlook on the face of North America during the time of the American Revolution. Fenn provides the reader with a perspective of the American Revolution from the vantage point of the variola virus and its effect on the population of North America. Her thesis for the book is, “While colonial independence reshaped global politics forever, the contagion was the defining and determining event of the era for many residents of North America. With the exception of the war itself, epidemic smallpox was the greatest upheaval to afflict the continent in these years.” Fenn does not discount the war, but rather, provides more information about the era of the American Revolution and the role of smallpox within that time period. Considering the author’s argument, Fenn clarifies the diverse impact that smallpox had on North Americans depending on their race and social status during the American Revolution.
...ver the years to numerous people in regards to smallpox and the American Revolution. Fenn, was able I believe to shed light on a subject which has had little attention brought to it. Even when we read about the Revolution from other perspectives smallpox is only briefly mentioned as major outcome to the war. I feel the author has brought to the fore front something that needs to be scrutinized even more. Smallpox played a important roll in our history affecting thousands as it moved across North America. We as historians should be aware that the impact smallpox had on the colonies and Revolutionary War was just as much a part of our history as the “shot heard around the world”.
One new thing I learned after reading this chapter is that William Farr was actually very close in also determining the cause of the cholera outbreak. To my knowledge, as it was taught to me, John Snow was the father of epidemiology and he solved the cholera case. As this is true, William Farr was never regarded while being taught the basics of epidemiology.
William Ecenbarger’s “A Cultural Minefield” is an essay about respect in different cultures. He commits faux pas as he travels throughout different countries. A faux pas is doing something embarrassing in a social situation. As he has traveled around the world, he has learned minor actions can have a major impact. He explains how a gesture in one culture can be normal and respectful, while in another culture, the same action can deeply offend people. People that travel to other countries may not have malicious intent but can still come off as rude. Simple actions such as reaching for bread with your left hand or signaling that you are okay are primarily unconscious acts-- they come off as second nature to Americans. However, while abroad, one
John M. Barry wrote The Great Influenza, where he accounted the 1918 flu epidemic as well as the scientists and their research. Barry’s purpose is to legitimize the work previous scientists have done. Barry wrote this using strong rhetorical devices including: Anaphora, Literary Allusion, and Rhetorical questions. He creates an accusatory tone in order to imply that future scientists will overlook the hard work the current and previous scientists of his time.
Edward Jenner invented a method to protect against smallpox in the late 1700s. The method involved taking substances from an open wound of someone with small-pox or cow-pox and injecting it into another person’s skin, also called “arm-to-arm inoculation”. The earliest actual documented examples of vaccination date all the way back to the tenth century in China (Lombard, “A brief history of vaccines and vaccinations”). The mention of early vaccination was taken note of by a French scholar, Henri Husson, written in one of his journals (Dictionaire des sciences médicale). The Ottoman Empire Turks also discovered a method of immunization a few centuries later. Lady Montagu of Great Britain, a famous writer and wife of the English ambassador of Istanbul, between 1716 -1718, came across the Turkish vaccine for small-pox. After surviving as a child with small-pox, she insisted her son be vaccinated (Henricy, “Letters of the Right Honourable Lady Wortley Montagu”). When she returned to England, she continued to publicize the Turkish tradition of immunization and spread their methods to the rest of her country. She also had all family members also vaccinated. Immunization was soon adopted in England, nearly 50 years before Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796 (Sharp, “Anti-vaccinationists past and present”). Edward Jenner’s target for smallpox was to eradicate it. And later by the 1940s, knowledge of the science behind vaccines had developed and soon reached the point where across-the-board vaccine production was a goal that was possible and where serious disease control efforts could start. Vaccines for many dangerous diseases, including ones protecting against pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus were underway into production. ...
Story: Andrew Bedner is an American man at the center of bioethical controversy regarding the rights of parents to make medical decisions for children they have allegedly abused
It was the English scientist called Edward Jenner who found the method of vaccination. “Scientist Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids often got a disease called cowpox and that seemed to make them immune to smallpox.” (Smallpox Symptoms). Jenner’s vaccination strategy was to transfer the virus by taking the blistering fluid from a person with cowpox and give it to someone no had not yet had
Hutchinson, Tom “Illness and the hero’s journey: still ourselves and more”, CMAJ. 162.11 (2000):p.1597 web (date accessed).
During the 1950s one disease that was the most feared was polio. 60,000 children were infected with the disease with tons of people paralyzed and over 3,000 children dead. According to Jason Beaubien On April 12, 1955, Dr. Jonas Salk and his research team at the University of Pittsburgh released the first successful vaccine for polio. The virus was completely eliminated during the year 1979. The outbreak started in New York City with 27,000 cases and 6,000 deaths ‘Beaubien Jason’. As the number of cases grew for polio the disease it changed the way Americans looked at public health in the 1950s.
In 1955, for instance, a virologist by the name of Jonas Salk invented the polio vaccine. During that time, polio was a serious threat to the public, however, Jonas didn’t even worry that in the process he could get polio himself. His plan was to create a cure for people that had the polio disease. As a matter of fact, the 32nd President of the United states, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was diagnosed with poliomyelitis but sadly he never saw the vaccine in use during his lifetime. Had Salk invented the vaccine sooner, President Roosevelt would have lived longer and be able to walk.
... that it combined the perfect amount of medical history, scientific fact and storytelling; creating a brilliant account that kept me wanting to find out more. It was full of interesting information that helped me to understand more about the cholera epidemic and the views of public health and medical practice of the people in 1854 London.
He said “Milk maids who caught cowpox did not later than catch smallpox protected against inoculated smallpox. He also said “Smallpox vaccines were the first to be a successful vaccine to be developed.” So he made vaccines that first started with cowpox that lead into something really dangerous that we have found vaccines for today.
Biography of Edward Jenner Jenner, Edward (1749-1823), an English physician of Gloucestershire. Young Jenner went to London and studied medicine with the celebrated anatomist, John Hunter, in whose family he lived for two years. On returning to his native Berkeley he gave his attention to the plague of smallpox permanently prevalent in all parts of the country. Starting with the hint given by the dairymen that those who had acquired cowpox by milking cows were not subject to smallpox, Dr. Jenner investigated the matter and formulated a regular plan of giving cowpox as a vaccination for the more dangerous pox.