Diseases
Diseases are any harmful change that interferes with the normal
appearance, structure, or function of the body or any of its parts.
Since time immemorial, disease has played a role in the history of
societies. It has affected and has been affected by economic
conditions, wars, and natural disasters. An epidemic of influenza that
swept the globe in 1918 killed between 20 million and 40 million
people. Within a few months, more than 500,000 Americans died^more than
were killed during World War I (1914-1918), World War II (1939-1945),
the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1959-1975) combined.
Diseases have diverse causes, which can be classified into two
broad groups: communicable and noncommunicable. Communicable
diseases can spread from one person to another and are caused by
microscopic organisms that invade the body. Noncommunicable diseases
are not communicated from person to person and do not have, or are not
known to involve, infectious agents. Some diseases, such as the common
cold, and come on suddenly and last for no more than a few weeks. Other
diseases, such as arthritis, are chronic, consistent for months or
years, or reoccur frequently.
Every disease has certain characteristic effects on the body.
Some of these effects, include fever, inflammation, pain,
fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and rashes, are evident to the patient.
These symptoms offer important clues that help doctors and other health
care professionals make a diagnosis. Many times, the symptoms point to
several possible disorders. In those cases, doctors rely on medical
tests, such as blood examinations and X rays, to confirm the
diagnosis.
Communicable diseases are caused by microscopic organisms.
Physicians refer to these disease-causing organisms as
pathogens. Pathogens that infect humans include a wide variety of
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and parasitic worms. Also, it
has been theorized that some proteins called prions may cause
infectious diseases.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms at least 1
micron long. Some bacteria species are harmless to humans, many
are beneficial. But some are pathogens, including those that cause
cholera, diphtheria, leprosy, plague, pneumonia, strep throat, tetanus,
tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. The bacteria that are harmless and
live in or on you are called resident bateria.
Viruses are tens or hundreds of times smaller than bacteria.
They are not cellular, but consist of a core of genetic
material surrounded by a protective coat of protein. Viruses are able
to survive and reproduce only in the living cells of a host. Once a
virus invades a living cell, it directs the cell to make new virus
particles. These new viruses are released into the surrounding tissues,
and seek out new cells to infect.
R.S. has chronic bronchitis. According to the UC San Francisco Medical Center “Chronic bronchitis is a common type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the air passages in the lungs — the bronchi — are repeatedly inflamed, leading to scarring of the bronchi walls. As a result, excessive amounts of sticky mucus are produced and fill the bronchial tubes, which become thickened, impeding normal airflow through the lungs.” (Chronic Bronchitis 2015) There are many things that can be observed as clinical findings. R.S. will have a chronic cough that has lasted from 3 months to two years or more, and a lot of sputum. The sputum is due to
Schmidt, L. M., & O'Reilly, J. T. (2007). Gangs and Law Enforcement: A Guide for Dealing with Gang-Related Violence. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, LTD.
The Crip gangs were taking over Los Angeles and other non-crip gangs decided to form a coalition. The Crips were able to dominate and intimidate other gangs in the Los Angeles area because of their massive numbers through heavy recruitment. In a confrontation between a Crip and a member of the LA Brims, an LA Brims member was shot and killed. After another Crip member had a similar confrontation with one of the Piru Street Boys, an alliance was formed between several non-Crip gangs. The Crip – Blood rivalry grew in the mid 1970’s and it was and is one of the main catalysts in the increase of gangs, crime, and violence in Los Angeles.
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days. His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and inspiratory crackles on chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) to Liam due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Moreover, Liam has fever and conjunctiva injection which could be a result of infection, as evidenced by high temperature (38.6°C) and bilateral tympanic membra...
Small pox. Tuberculosis. AIDS. These diseases have been considered epidemics at various points throughout the history of the world. None of them, however, had such an impact on the population and culture of the people than did the Black Death. The Black Death was a disease that invaded England in the middle of the fourteenth century. Reports on the total amount deceased have varied from between twenty-five percent and fifty percent of the European population. However, it is known that many millions of people were eliminated from the English population, and that the Black Death was a catalyst for social change within Europe. The culture and lives of all people rich and poor was changed forever due to the effects of the Black Death.
The rats did it! Rats, almost single handedly, killed off about a third of the
Gangs are very unsafe to every person in society. “Gangs are groups of people (mostly young males) who band together for security and a sense of belonging. The U.S. Department of Justice officially defines a youth gang as a group of young people involved in criminal activity”. There are about one million gang members in more than 20,000 criminally active gangs in the United States. Also, that group of about one million people is accountable for up to eighty percent of our nation’s crimes. Since 2005, gangs have nationally added about 200,000 members. This is why more action from the community needs to be taken to help with the growing gang-related crimes here in America.
The presence of gang violence has been a long lasting problem in Philadelphia. Since the American Revolution, gangs have been overpopulating the streets of Philadelphia (Johnson, Muhlhausen, 2005). Most gangs in history have been of lower class members of society, and they often are immigrants into the U.S (Teen Gangs, 1996). Gangs provided lower class teens to have an opportunity to bond with other lower class teens. However over time, the original motive of being in a gang has changed. In the past, gangs used to provide an escape for teens to express themselves, let out aggression, and to socialize with their peers. It was also an opportunity for teens to control their territory and fit in (Johnson, Muhlhausen, 2005). In the past, authorities would only focus on symptoms of gang violence and not the root. They would focus on arresting crime members instead of preventing gang violence. Gangs are beginning to expand from inner-city blo...
The City of Los Angeles is the “gang capital” of the nation. There are more than 450 active gangs in the City of Los Angeles. Many of these gangs have been in existence for over 50 years. These gangs have a combined membership of over 45,000 individuals. Gang violence has for a long time been a major issue. Now it may not be as bad as it was back in the 90’s when it really first surfaced but gang violence is still a critical issue. A place where gang violence has really been an issue is none other than the state of California.
There are many diseases and disorders that may affect the human mind. Some of these are serious, while others are minor and may not even be noticed. Some of the disorders and diseases to be covered in this report are delirium, dementia, and schizophrenia, also a discussion of specific symptoms and treatments available for the different disorders.
Gang members are typical members of the same ethnic group. Fear and hatred for people of another race is called xenophobia. People who are victims of racism are often racists themselves. Rap music often features lyrics that are offensive to Asians, Jews, and African Americans. Earlier this century, the United States was divided into ghettos. Those days' gangs were from all races. Gangs today sell drugs to every race and share or compete for street corners. Most of gang's enemies are gang members of the same background. The Crips and Bloods continuously wage war at one or another. They even shoot members of the same ethnic group.
In the 1970’s gang activity was high. With the creation of the Crips other rival gangs emerged such as the Bloods. Gangs are very territorial. They have unwritten rules setting boundaries for each other in their perspective neighborhoods. Gangs can also be classified by their race. There are Latino gangs and African American Gangs with their distinct characteristics and language. Although rivalry among races exists the way they communicate is similar. Gangs mark territory with graffiti, stylized lettering and 3-D designs. They also have a color to identify themselves and a dress code to identify their own (Siegel).
Historically, gangs began to develop around the time frame of the 1970’s. Irish gangs have been known to be the first initial gang, followed by the Germans, Jewish, and Italians (Pacheco, 2010, p. 10). Gangs are larger in population and tend to be more prevalent in the United States, compared to other countries. In 2008, statistics showed that there were 20,000 active gangs and more than 1 million gang members in the United States (Pacheco, 2010, p. 12). According to Pacheco (2010) there are different types of gangs. Although these gangs are formed for individual purposes, broken up, they can form a multitude of different types of gangs. There are your traditional gangs (Crips, Bloods). Business, profit gangs, which are generated around financial gains. Hate group gangs, which their purpose is to target different ethnic groups, races or homosexuals. Copycat and delinquent social gangs, which seem to be the least relevant. Street gangs, which are prone to target younger individuals, but the actual ages of the gang members vary. Third generation gangs which are known as “terrorist”. Hybrid gangs are new to this generation, they could be considered the “hipster” of gangs. Then there are prison gangs. They are usually small in population and are structured along an individuals ethnicity (Pacheco, 2010, pp. 12-15). Gangs serve a multitude of purposes for their members. The gang becomes their family. They are able to trust them, rely on them, and the gang gives them a sense of self and importance. Gangs have the ability to offer status, refuge, protection, and opportunity of stigma free life within this population (Tower, 2013, p. 82). In the PBS show Interrupter ex-gang members and ex-gang enforcers joined together ...
The term gang refers to “a group of people with a discernible structure, a recognized territory, and distinctive beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors” (Pearce and Pettis, 2011). Gang violence is a wide spread phenomena. Gang violence can be found in all fifty states and in most major cities. With gang violence being so common, it is no surprise that this type of violence is not only affecting are youth, but they are also becoming a main cause of this violence (Graulich, 2010). Youth gang violence has grasped the attention of the communities. Members of the community are joining forces to put a stop to this type of violence (O’Brien, Daffern, Chu, and Thomas, 2013). It is important to learn and understand the history
What are the different types of buyers and sellers that participate in business-to-business (B2B) markets?