Neurobiology The two developmental neurologic disorders I would like to discuss are Sickle-cell anemia and Down syndrome. Sickle- cell anemia was named for the description of the appearance of the red blood cells of those who suffer from the disease. Johnson (2010) describes sickle as a chronic illness resulting from inadequate blood circulation that causes significant pain and ultimately organ failure and death (p. 132.) According to Feldman (2013) “around 1/10th of people of African descent carry genes that produce sickle-cell anemia, and 1/400 actually has the disease.” Symptoms of the disease include chest and abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, jaundice related to hepatic disease, compromised renal function, stroke and sometimes death. In the past many victims of the disease died in infancy, but due to advances in medicine, life expediency has significantly increased. One of the most difficult consequences of this disease is the lifelong management of pain and resulting isolation during times of a sickle-cell crisis. Cognitive, physical and social development are al...
Nonprofit and voluntary type organizations play a major and integral role in American society. Each group exists today because they were established with the desire to help those in need by providing products, good and services. In the article “Toward Nonprofit Reform in Voluntary Spirit: Lessons From the Internet”, the authors stated the that nonprofit and the voluntary sector can include professional, the paid nonprofit, and grassroots organizations (Brainard & Siplon, 2004, p. 435). Even though these organizations may have the same or similar structures, I will compare and contrast the economic and political difference and similarity between the two.
Abuse and addiction have a relationship due to an adolescent being addicted to a substance that could be abused as well. Abuse and addiction studies have shown effects on the brain. Abuse and addiction can happen depending on a child's environment or who they hang out with. Sometimes children may see a parent using alcohol or substances and they think that since the parent does it, they should be ok to do it as well.
Along with expanding the knowledge on abnormal learning and physical disabilities such as Down’s syndrome, Cretinism, and Cerebral Palsy, Dr. Gesell’s work is also known for supporting a belief in predetermined stages of development or disadvantages children face in life. Gesell died on May 29th, 1961. His works are still used in the classroom to influence and mold the minds of learning doctors and students to this day.
According to Hassold and Sherman (2002), the probability of giving birth to a child with DS is not linked to any race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. Maternal age seems to be the only etiological factor that may cause DS. Some characteristics of DS include: deep folds at the corners of the eyes, hypotonia, short stature, flexible joints, small oral cavity and heart defects (Taylor, Richards, & Brady, 2005). Most individuals with DS have a moderate intellectual disability, although there is a range of disability, from severe to high functioning (IQ above 70). Since DS is a birth defect and not a disease, there are no treatment options.
Meanwhile for other babies having an underdeveloped brain could cause major physical problems for the child. This could include hearing loss and visual problems which would mean that the child would not be able to recognise voices and its surroundings. Another problem this could cause is feeding problems because the child might not be able to swallow this would cause major issues because the child wouldn't be able to get the nutrients it needs to
Intellectual disability can be caused by a problem that starts any time before a child turns 18 years old – eve...
Down syndrome was discovered in the 1800’s by a man named John Langton Down. Down syndrome1 is a condition that occurs in the chromosomes. The syndrome affects the intellectual ability of the person effected, their facial appearance and causes hypotonia2. Children born with this usually experience different types of birth defects. These birth defects can include heart defects and intestine blockage. People with Down syndrome are also at a high risk of developing other medical conditions. Some medical conditions include gastro esophageal reflux3, celiac disease4, hypothyroidism5, and leukemia6. Also some visual and hearing problems can arise. There are three types of Down syndrome.
Intellectual and developmental problems range from mild to moderate and some are healthy. Also problems with thinking and learning are common. Poor judgment, short attention span, impulsive behavior, and delayed language and speech development are all behavioral problem. Others have severe health problems like serious heart defects. Not all children with Down syndrome have the same features. Some common features are: flattened facial features, small head, short neck, poor muscle tone, short height, etc. Breastfeeding from tongue and mouth abnormalities can be difficult. Conductive hearing loss due to ear abnormalities; 66-89% of Down syndrome people have some level of hearing loss in at least one ear. About 3-13% of them have seizures. Also 40 to 50% of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart defects in the United States (“association for children”). Infants with Down syndrome maybe average size but grow slowly and remain shorter than other children the same
In some cases, mental retardation can be diagnosed at birth. An infant with Down syndrome, for example, is often identified by characteristic features. The diagnosis is confirmed with a chromosome analysis.
Cerebral palsy has no known official cause; several factors identified in the 1980s suggest that cp can happen before, during or after birth. But the exact cause is unknown in many cases why. Factors include lack of oxygen at birth, Rh incompatibility- where the mother’s own antibodies attack the fetus’s blood cells, jaundice – where yellow colored bile would normally flow in the bloodstream in small sizes, build up, leading blood cells to die and left untreated, brain damage could occur. There are two ways cp can occur, congenital and acquired. Congenital cerebral palsy happens to premature babies born too early – less than nine months or 37 weeks or under 5.5 pounds (low birth weight ) and multiple births such as twins. Cerebral palsy that is acquired after birth occurs when severe illnesses and or accidents can damage the developing brain in the early weeks, months or years of the child’s life. In al...
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders has been on the rise for the past four decades, according to the third edition of America’s Children and Environment (2011). A neurodevelopmental disorder is defined as a disorder that affects the nervous system. These conditions include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, dyslexia, dyscalculia, and Fragile X syndrome. Such disorders take more than a physical toll on the diagnosed individual. Neurodevelopmental disorders take a hefty financial, emotional, and mental toll on family members affected throughout the diagnosed individual’s development. Special education, medical, and support services are required for individuals with a diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder. Causes of these disorders are generally accepted as multifactorial—they may be caused by anything related to genetic factors and environmental agents. However, the true causes of the majority of these listed disabilities remain unknown and much debated. These conditions, their causes, and ramifications will be discussed thoroughly throughout this paper.
For example, Autism. Autism is a developmental disability that affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social skills and learning. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, autism is the most common of prenatal disorders. As of 2010, according to The National Institute of Mental Health, the U.S has a percentage of 13.6 when it comes to mental and behavioral disorders. Also, there are Brain Malformations, also known as, Cephalic disorders. Most brain malformations begin in the prenatal period of development. Something damages the developing nervous system or causes it to develop abnormally. At times it's a genetic problem. In other cases, exposure to certain medicines, infections, or radiation during pregnancy interferes with brain development. Parts of the brain may be missing, abnormally small or large, or not fully developed. These disorders affect the child’s learning ability and overall intelligence
In reflection on my learning experience in the group class, I have gained clarity on what sorts of competencies of facilitating group therapy, as well as in what areas social workers and students tend to feel most strong in my practice. Regarding my specific gains in competencies, I feel that I learned the most and was most likely to gain specific group facilitating competencies at the weekly class. Learning in group class is taught me the tools to use to work with groups therapy, communities and also with individuals through the process of changes. In this past three months I think a lot of opportunities have been created to shadowing with (beside and behind) and being a part of group members to learn. In addition, this class has taught me about the skills and how effectively help
Down syndrome has always been defined as a genetic condition. It is also known as Trisomy 21, and it is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Nelson and Gibbs (2004) said “Trisomy results from sporadic nondisjunction of chromosome 21 leading to three copies of the smallest human chromosome”. Trisomy 21 is the cause of about ninety-five percent of observed Down syndrome. Most of the nondisjunction comes from the maternal gamete while a very small amount of the nondisjunction comes from the paternal gamete. Along with Trisomy 21, there is also translocation. Cross, Gensburg, and Olsen (2003) said that “Approximately 5% of cases are due to translocation resulting in the presence of three copies of the q arm of chromosome 21”.
Many benefits of online discussion have been recorded in the literature. For example, participation in an asynchronous online discussion is time and place independent (Morse, 2003: Williams etal., 2001). Participants who involved online discussion can contribute whenever they have a useful input and wherever they are as long as they have access to a network based computer. Williams (2002, p. 266) explained the freedom from temporal and geographical constraints international students have “flexibility in the time, place and pace of communication” with others. In contrast, the traditional face-to-face discussion does not have this flexibility.