Diphenyl ether, first gaining attention in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, is an organic compound that belongs to the ether organic functional group with a molecular formula of C12H10O. Also referred to as 1,1’-Oxybisbenzene, biphenyl oxide, diphenyl oxide, phenyl oxide, phenyl ether, or phenoxybenzene, diphenyl ether consists of two phenyl rings attached by an oxygen atom. The structural formula appears in Figure 1. Phenyl rings, C6H5, are extremely similar to benzene rings, C6H6, and only differ in regards to being bonded to a different atom than hydrogen on one vertex of the ring. Thus, diphenyl ether undergoes reactions that are common of phenyl rings and ring structures in general. Until recently, diphenyl ether did not have any interesting properties worth exploration to scientists, but current research focuses on the application of the chemical as part of the conversion of solar energy into usable energy as a means of renewable energy. This particular organic compound represents an anomaly of the ether functional group, participating in various chemical reactions and having an industrial application aside from being a solvent. The majority of the chemical reactions associated with diphenyl ether relate to the structures of the two phenyl rings of the organic compound due to the lack of reactivity typically associated with ethers. Ethers usually make excellent solvents due to the characteristic lack of reactivity. However, diphenyl ether participates in interesting reactions in spite of the stereotype. First and foremost, the formation of diphenyl ether primarily results from a deviation of Williamson Ether synthesis. These general reactions “involve an alkoxide that reacts with a primary haloalkane or a ... ... middle of paper ... ...he scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for diphenyl ether. Health Council of the Netherlands Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits. (2005, October). Diphenyl ether. Patel, K. (n.d.). Williamson ether synthesis. Retrieved from http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Ethers/Synthesis_of_Ethers/Williamson_Ether_Synthesis Phenyl ether MSDS. (n.d.). In Material safety data sheet (pp. 1-5). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) action plan summary. (2013, April 9). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/pbde.html Synthetic organic heat transfer fluid — liquid and vapor phase data. (2001, November). Dow Chemical Company. U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008, February). Mechanism of hydrogen formation in solar parabolic trough receivers (L. Moens & D. Blake, Authors).
Solid triphenylmethanol (0.200 g, 0.768 mmol) and sulfuric acid (2 mL) were added to a reaction tube, which was then ground using a glass rod until it dissolved and turned a dark orange color. The mixture was then added dropwise via a glass pipette into another reaction tube containing methanol (1 mL). An extra amount of methanol (2 mL) was used to transfer the rest of the contents of the first reaction tube. Formation of crystals was facilitated by scratching the side of the tube and adding additional methanol until the color changed to an off-white color. The contents of the tube were then vacuum filtered with water and the resulting crude product was weighed and then recrystallized using hot methanol to form triphenylmethyl methyl ether (0.051 g, 0.186 mmol, 24.2%). The melting point was 81 – 83˚
The purpose of this experiment involved synthesis of diphenylmethanol using phenylmagenisum bromide and benzaldehyde, using the method called Grignard reaction. Grignard reactions are an important method for new carbon-carbon bond formation as well as for the synthesis of alcohols.
Dihydrogen Monoxide is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless chemical compound. It is found in many explosive and poisonous compounds consisting of Sulfuric Acid, Nitroglycerine, and Ethyl Alcohol. This compound has many dangers such as death due to inhaling, even in small quantities, severes tissue damage and burns from exposure to solid and gaseous DHMO, and even car accidents due to brake failure. When an automobile is exposed to DHMO it can affect the condition of the brakes.
Identifying an Organic Unknown Aim: In this investigation I will get a number of unknown organic compounds. Which i have to identify by using a number of different chemical and physical techniques. The only thing is known about the compound is that it contains one of the functional group: alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, phenol and ester. Therefore I devised a sequence of tests that would identify which one of the groups the sample contains. The flow chart below shows the chemical techniques, which I will use to identify the functional group of the unknown.
The purpose of this experiment is to show how dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, a synthetic pesticide, moves through the food chain. The special focus of this experiment is how dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) bioaccumulates and energy moves through the trophic levels of a food chain. To illustrate biomagnification, M&M chocolates were used to exemplify phytoplankton with the opacity of the M mark on the chocolate serving as the amount of DDT within the phytoplankton. For example, an M&M with a perfect M mark on it was said to be a phytoplankton that ingested one hundred percent of the DDT while an M&M with an absent M mark on it was said to be a phytoplankton with zero percent DDT ingestion. Amount of DDT, measured in ppm, and kilocalories
Gao, P., Tomasovic, B., & Stein, L. (2011). Performance Evaluation of 26 Combinations of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials and Chemicals After Repeated Exposures and Decontaminations. Journal Of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 8(11), 625-635. doi:10.1080/15459624.2011.616161
While detectable amount of 1,1-dichloroethane is reported in both public and private water supplies in the U.S., however, its relatively low concentration in the water appears to raise less concerns compared to the exposure route through air (inhalation). This may be especially the case for urban, industrial waste hazard areas, where higher concentration level of 1,1-dichloroethane were reported (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1989).One may want to avoid being in contact with highly concentrated 1,1-dichloroethane either through direct exposure to body parts, such as skin, mouth and eyes, or through inhalation, in order to prevent damage to the Central Nervous System and/or other important body organs such as lung, liver and kidneys. Much does not seem to have been investigated, however, as to the exact extent of the toxicity of 1,1-dichloroethane, compared to a more toxic form of the HOC, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Most of the scientific evidence comes from animal research, and reported at best to be “inconclusive”, or weak in terms of carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity as well as acute exposure effects. More vigorous research may be needed to determine its reversibility as well as extent of “likely” toxicity to human health. One interesting type of research relevant to 1,1-dichloroethane is
During recent years, numerous newspaper and magazine articles have suggested that humans may be at risk because small amounts of well known environmental contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, can affect hormone levels. Hormones are produced by the endocrine system as regulators of biological function in target organs. Because hormones play a critical role in early development, toxicological effects on the endocrine system often have an impact on the reproductive system. The term endocrine disruptor is used to describe chemicals that can mimic hormones and may either enhance or counteract their effects. It has been suggested that these hormone changes can, in turn, lead to a variety of health problems including cancer, decreased fertility, and abnormalities in newborns.
Organic compounds are commonly found every day in every part of life. Propionaldehyde is a common organic compound also known as propanal, propaldehyde, and methylacetaldehyde with propanal being the most common alternate name. It is a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Coming from the functional group of aldehyde, propionaldehyde has a C=O bond in replace with two hydrogen atoms, which would be the base propane molecule. The molecular formula is C3H6O, the structural formula CH3CH2CHO, the structure is found in figure 1 (end). Propionaldehyde can only be produced in few ways by a few companies and is used in many various products. There are many few specifically know health effects of propionaldehyde, but it is a very dangerous compound due to its chemical properties.
The product from the reaction of maleic anhydride and butadiene: 1-cyclohexene-cis-1,2 dicarboxylic anhydride, is present because the signals on the HNMR indicate a multiplet at around the 6.0 ppm with an integration of 2.00, another multiplet at around 3.6 ppm with an integration of 2.00, and a doublet of multiplets between 2.3-2.5ppm, with one of the pairs having an integration of 2.27 and the other having an integration of 2.29. The solvent, acetone, is present, as indicated by the multiplet at around 2.05 ppm. There is a strong signal that resembles a multiplet at around 0 ppm, which may indicate that tetramethylsilane was used to indicate the standard of 0ppm. There are some traces of the starting materials, like maleic acid, suggested by the singlet at around 7.3 ppm, with an integration of 0.03. There are also some traces of 3-sulfolene, suggested by the signal at 6.1 ppm with an integration of 0.09, and another signal at 3.72 ppm with an integration of
Ulbig et al. [14] and [15] carried out precise measurements of heat generated when propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol (EG) and ethanol (ET) were diluted with water, respectively. Hubert et al. [16] showed heat absorption by infinite dilution of NaCl solution with water, and Khrenova et al. [17] showed heat absorption by infinite dilution of NaNO3 solution. Using these results, heat from mixing or dilution at 25 °C for each solution was approximated using a least squares method as follows, respectively:
The topic of endocrine disruption, and the potential consequences for human health, is a popular area of investigation for many scientific researchers. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that have the capability of modifying hormone signaling while possibly effecting the development of both the nervous and reproductive systems, as well as enabling the development of cancer (Site 1). Of all the possible EDCs, phthalates seem to be one of the best-studied and most habitually encountered EDC. According to a study that investigated EDCs and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products, phthalates are commonly used as solvents in personal care products, adhesives, detergents, lubricants, as well as pesticides despite the short
Ec.europa.eu. 2014. Chemical Accidents (Seveso II) - Prevention, Preparedness and Response - Environment - European Commission. [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seveso/ [Accessed: 14 Mar 2014].
Endocrine disruptors that are used in building materials and electronics, such as: polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), phthalates (PAEs), and polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been linked to a substantial increase in risk for breast cancer with extended exposure. Their presence in building materials and electronic equipment allow for all people to experience this extended exposure, as well as run the risk for a higher exposure in the event of a fire. The proposed policy will limit public exposure to these endocrine disruptors and in doing so, lower the risk of breast cancer by a noticeable
[2] Benjamin L. Austen (B.Sc. (Eng.) Dip. Eng. MIEI) Pharmaceutical water systems a thermal-fluid analysis of pipe dead-legs http://doras.dcu.ie/17237/1/bengamin_l_austin_20120701111118.pdf