Which essential questions will you ask a pediatric patient or their caregiver when the presenting complaint is bloody diarrhea? Will these questions vary depending upon the child's age? Why or why not?
The most common cause of acute diarrhea is a viral infection. Other causes include; bacterial infections, side effects of antibiotics, and infections not related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. When blood is seen on a child's stool can be frightening. However, this is a common condition in children and is usually not serious. There are many possible causes of bloody stools. The most likely cause depends on the frequency and amount of blood, and on your child's age and underlying condition. Diarrhea is not a disease, but is a symptom of a number of illnesses. Although diarrhea is common and rarely serious, it is important to understand when to seek help. A complete history can often identify a presumptive gastrointestinal bleeding source and direct an efficient workup. Ask age- and etiology-specific questions. For complaints of bloody
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By the time, a child turns 5 years old, approximately 8% of girls and about 2% of boys have had at least one occurrence (Figueroa, 2016).UTI's occur much more frequently in girls, especially those that have reached the age of toilet training. This is rampant in girls because, they have shorter urethra and is very close to the anus. Also, uncircumcised boys younger than one year have a slightly higher risk of developing UTI than the circumcised males. The risk factors for developing UTI include; an abnormality in the structure of the urinary tract or blockage along the tract of normal urine flow, an abnormal backward of urine flow (reflux), poor toilet and hygiene habit and family history of UTI's. In fact, UTI's are treatable, but it is very important the symptoms are caught early. This because, undiagnosed urinary tract infections can lead to kidney damage (Figueroa,
Question 1: How is salmonellosis diagnosed? How does the method of diagnosis impact our understanding of the occurrence of salmonellosis in the community (e.g., burden of disease, trends over time, high-risk populations)?
This module of study has focused on many aspects of human health, anatomy, and the disease process. It has included such topics as the human organ systems, the mechanism of disease and the resulting disruption of homeostasis, the integumentary system, and the musculoskeletal system. The following case studies explore how burn classification will affect treatment, how joint injuries can disrupt mobility, and last, how a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to a decline in a person’s health status. The importance of understanding disease and knowing when to seek treatment is the first step toward enjoying a balanced and healthy life.
Jerry Huang, a male patient underwent a surgical procedure for an inflammatory intestinal disease. A small part of his intestine was removed, and he was on total parenteral nutrition before surgery; he continued on TPN after surgery for about ten days; then, he started on enteral nutrition which delivered very small feedings (DeBruyne & Pinna, 2012).
3. Causes of watery poop. Watery stool may be caused by an infection, and this is most likely to be accompanied by fever and other symptoms. It can also happen when the mother eats dairy products and sugary foods. Teething in children can also produce stools that are watery because of additional saliva being swallowed.
Cystitis more commonly known as a urinary tract infection (UTI) or bacteriuria is a chronic infectious disease defined as inflammation of the urinary tract including the bladder and urinary tissue. Signs and symptoms develop due to aggravated epithelial tissue that line the bladder and urinary tract effected by the bacteria infecting them. There is a greater prevalence in women than in men, however when men develop a UTI they are at greater risk for complications such as pyelonephritis or septicemia (Lehne 2013). Bauman (2013) states that 32% of women will experience cystitis in their lifetime. Lehne (2013) states that up to 35% of sexually active females will develop a urinary tract infection each year and that up to 50% of females in nursing homes have cystitis at any given time.
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
...east fed babies should have semi-liquid seedy yellow stools by the third and fourth day of life (London et al, 2011). As the baby gets older, it is common to have one stool every few days due to increased digestibility of breast milk. Various characteristics of stool can be seen depending on the gastric situation of the baby. Babies that are constipated will have pellet like stool and babies with diarrhea will have loose, watery-green and may be blood tinged. Diaper rashes occur in about a third of young children and preventative techniques include loosely putting on the diaper and changing it immediately after voiding. Clean the area with baby wipes as they are more gentle and do not have the drying effects of alcohol. Creams such as zinc oxide are effective in treating diaper rashes because they provide a barrier on the skin to repel moisture (MedScape, 2013).
One of the most common infections that occur in the urinary system is UTIs or Urinary Tract Infection. A UTI is when bacteria gets into the urinary system, either externally or from the digestive tract, and causes pain and irritation in the urinary tract (Friedl, n.d.). UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics. A common disease of the urinary system is incontinence, which is when you lose some or all of your bladder control (Friedl, n.d.). This can also cause retention problems, which is when you have trouble releasing urine from the bladder (Friedl, n.d.). Incontinence can be treated with medication and exercise that can help to retrain the muscle around the bladder and urethra area (Friedl, n.d.). Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic bladder condition that is primarily found in women (Zimmermann, 2016). IC can cause bladder pressure and pain, bladder scarring, and can cause less elasticity in the bladder (Zimmermann, 2016). Another form of inflammation in the urinary system is Prostatitis, the swelling of the prostate gland. Prostatitis is significant in that it only occurs in men and is often caused by advanced age (Zimmermann, 2016). It is generally cured by antibiotics. Kidney stones are an extremely painful condition that occurs in the urinary system when chemicals in the urine become
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are relatively common among women compared to men. Because of the shorter distance between the urethral opening and the bladder, they are more prone to get UTIs. Their urethra and the anus are situated in close proximity, raising the risk of UTIs further.
The Cruise lines from all over the world have been hit hard with outbreaks of the “Stomach Flu.” This concerning illness is known as gastroenteritis and it can be caused by a handful of different bacteria and viruses. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the “norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States.”(cite cdc overview). Cruise lines have taken large measures to prevent and contain the spread of the norovirus but the latest cruise ship, Royal Caribbean, has been greatly impacted by the norovirus with over 600 passengers infected.
Many children suffer from dehydration and become symptomatic quickly. In an article by Spandorfer, Alessandrini, Joffe, Localio, and Shaw, it was found that approximately 10% of children admitted suffer from dehydration due to gastroenteritis (2005). Oral hydration cannot always be achieved especially if the child is vomiting as well as suffering from diarrhea, which leads parents to take their children to the hospital for care. Parents may need education and emotional support in the prevention of dehydration in children.
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
Cystitis is a common female problem. Its is estimated that 50% of adult women experience at least one episode of dysuria; half of these people have a bacterial UTI.
The patient has experienced fever, chills on body, headaches and anorexia as well as sweating especially during the night. The patient has also been feeling fatigued, muscle aches and nausea as well as vomiting especially after eating (WHO, 2010, p. 117). These symptoms started forty eight hours ago, and the patient has not taken any medication except for some aspirin.
Campylobacter is a bacterial pathogen that causes fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. It is the commonly identified bacterial cause of diarrhea illness in the world. These bacteria live in the intestines of birds, and most raw poultry meat has the bacteria in it. Eating undercooked chicken or other food that has been contaminated with the juices dripping from raw chicken is the most frequent source of this particular infection.