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Urbanization and its effects
Urbanization and its effects
Urbanization and its effects
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Finally, the municipal government relies on development costs to generate revenue. The basis for assessing development costs is driving the low density and it plays role in car-centered development. However, this requires investment and more expensive municipal infrastructure. Development costs are an important cost that can affect development locations, time schedules, and other decisions. Development costs may affect land resource consumption and community design, and are increasingly being used as revenue sources and growth management tools. Therefore, more municipalities should consider better adjustment of their development cost design and growth management policies. Developers pay development fees to the government for the infrastructure …show more content…
The root cause of the spread is identified as the average cost of development and municipal services. Like low density zoning development, water and sewer connections, or even seemingly ordinary service of average cost pricing makes lower costs in cheap construction. If there is no adjustment to meet the current more nervous and compact city planning objectives, the precious growth management tools would be wasted, and they missed the opportunity to reduce infrastructure costs in the future. In order to stimulate a more compact urban growth model, development costs can be adjusted according to exchange rates or time. In the reform development cost structure, the municipal authorities can make efforts to increase their income by raising the integral development cost income or revenue neutrality by reducing or remitting development costs, and loss of any income was offset by higher development costs of higher income. However, to prevent future fiscal shortfalls and avoid market distortions, development costs should not be lower than the level required to pay for infrastructure
After tracing the evolution of the provincial-local financial relationship in Canada it has become apparent that the trend, throughout history, has been towards greater Provincial control and in turn less fiscal autonomy for the municipality. There has been an increase (due to demand as well as downloading from the provinces) in the functions and responsibilities of the municipality, as well as the cost of these functions, and a decrease in fiscal resources and revenue sources.
The City of Rock Hill has multiple budgetary funds. They have reported up to nine individual governmental funds, which include General Fund, SW TIF Fund, Street Bond Fund, and Capital Projects Fund (City of Rock Hill 2013, 6). The city also maintains other funds that are combined into one single fund called “other governmental funds,” which makes it easier to budget (City of Rock Hill 2013, 6). Within the other governmental fund category are the Police Training Fund, Asset Forfeiture Fund, Sewer Lateral Fund, McKnight Crossing TIF Fund, and the NW TIF Fund (City of Rock Hill 2013, 51). All of these funds make up the City of Rock Hill’s major and nonmajor funds. According to Bland, the City of Rock Hill is following the proper procedures, when it comes to governmental budgeting. The City of Rock Hill follows the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which Bland states help standardized the governmental accounting profession (Bland, 107). As a lot of the of funds mention by Bland have different titles than Rock Hill’s funds, they operate in the same way. The cities Capital Project Fund increased by $252,940, and the SW TIF fund increased by $89,354(City of Rock Hill 2013, 10). Overall the cities combined fund balance decreased 28% or $1,237,418 from 2012, which the city said they could spend at their discretion (City of Rock Hill 2013, 10).
However, there is usually not enough land or housing for the city's growing population. There is also not enough jobs in the city to keep everyone employed. Poverty increases and jobs give lower and lower pay. The poor live in slums
cents” (Morris 23). According to this information, urban sprawl is costing tax payers in areas of
In California, the finance structure of local government gives them more incentives to approve commercial (non-residential) housing development. Cities and counties find fiscal benefits come primarily from the commercial development, such as hotels, restaurants, and retail establishments. The tax revenue received from these establishments could often offset the cost for a local government to provide public services. On the contrary, the affordable housing developments cause more local costs than yielding high tax revenues. Therefore, local governments have the motivation to develop commercial establishments by zoning considerable lands for such purposes. Consequently, many cities and counties have approved their land use planning disproportionately towards commercial
...by preventing access to potential places of employment and to positive network influences. Therefore, to solve the growing problem of jobless poverty the government should look towards developing mixed-use developments without strict zoning laws and increasing the public transportation infrastructures in cities.
Job creation is a key factor for economic development. Toronto alone receives 100 000 immigrants each year, most of them in need of work. With Ontario’s investment in infrastructure, thousands of jobs would be created, not only in the construction industry but also within every industry indirectly affected by the construction. If we look back to 2008 during the recession, Ontario actually spent more on infrastructure knowing the job creation would significantly boost our economy. The Conference Board of Canada released a report in 2010 titled “The Economic Impact of Public Infrastructure in Ontario” which stated if we had not invested in infrastructure during the global economic crisis, Ontario alone would have lost 70 000 more jobs in 2009. This goes to show the truly immense impact our investment in infrastructure can have on Ontario’s economy. Basic Infrastructure not only helps a city or region in a functional way, it can also have an effect on the appearance of an area. If a city is physically attractive, businesses and labourers will be more inclined to migrate to that specific city rather than another, which in turn stimulates economic growth. This effect creates somewhat of a competitive nature between cities and businesses. The attractiveness of an area, in recent years, has had a huge effect on where people live and bring their business, especially in the knowledge-based economy we live in today. Cities throughout Ontario should want to attract investment, and developing infrastructure will only help them achieve
A general situation of urbanization trend in developing countries and developed countries is increasing. In 18th Century only 3% of the world total population lived in urban areas but as projected in 2000 this number will increase at above 50% (UN as cited in Elliot, 1999, p. 144). According to UN (as cited in Elliot, 1999, p.144), it is figured that the total urban population in developing countries has increased from approximately 400 millions people in 1950 to approximately 2000 millions people in 2000. At the same time, total urban population in developed countries is double...
A famous Canadian geographer was once quoted saying, “ …any region which has a well developed transportation and communication network also enjoys a high degree of economic prosperity…”. This statement has sparked much controversy between geographers, as well as economists. The argument is, is there a direct link between a developed infrastructure and economic prosperity. Without a doubt, there is a direct link between economic prosperity and a well-developed system of transportation and communication. It is possible to understand this direct link by reviewing and comparing the infrastructure and economy of three different cities. Toronto has well-developed transportation and communication systems, North Bay has terrible communication and transportation systems, and Brampton has just recently developed their communication and transportation systems.
In my conclusion, I will align with sociologist Feagin and Parker suggested understanding that political and economic leaders control urban growth. Here in my country. The urban mayors, and leading business class has hijack the land allocation. “economic and political leaders work alongside each other to effect change in urban growth and decline, determining where money flows and how land use is regulated,” (Little & McGivern, 2013, p.622).
Indeed, many global cities face compelling urban planning issues like urban sprawl, population, low density development, overuse of non-renewable natural recourses, social inequities and environmental degradation. These issues affect the cities themselves, the adjacent regions and often even globally. The resulting ecological footprint upsets the balance in adjacent rural and natural areas. Unplanned or organic development leads to urban sprawl, traffic problems, pollution and slums (as evident in the case of Mumbai city). Such unplanned development causes solid waste management and water supply to fall inadequate. Urban sprawl gives rise to low density development and car dependent communities, consequently leading to increased urban flooding, low energy efficiency, longer travel time and destruction of croplands, forests and open spaces for development.
...As a member of the Third World, Korea has experienced quite an extreme urbanization. During the time when it was becoming more urbanized, it could achieve a massive economic development. But it also suffered from various urban problems as traffic, pollution, and housing shortage. The government’s effort to restrain urban population growth and develop more balanced society was a good try yet not so successful in reviving rural areas and solving urban problems. The developing countries, which still are in the early stages, can learn a lesson from the urbanization of Korea and develop adequate plans to handle intense urban expansion in the future. Future studies can compare Korean government plans with more successful population redistribution plans in other parts of the world and give suggestions to less developed states about proper plans responsive to urbanization.
...population distribution designed to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration appears to have had limited success in many developing countries. Policies must be directed at altering the rural economy in order to slow the rate of urban sprawl. Broad land use planning and changing of planning standards and governmental procedures would go a long way to reduce many of the problems that face urban populations in the developing areas, especially Africa. Urbanization can cause a lot of problems for a city or even a country. It can cause cities to become overpopulated which are known as mega-cites, and cause problems with living arrangements and finding a job. Urbanization can also cause health problems. Urbanization is supposed to be good for developing countries on the rise but with this rapid growth in Africa, these problems can become a major concern in the future.
Many villagers and small town dwellers want a living in big cities. With some expectations, they make a movement from villages to big cities. This migration from rural areas to big cities is called urbanization.
The development hub concept is designed to build viable local economies by increasing the effect of state interferences for local economic growth and inspiring the impact of these interferences with a bunch of maintainable popular facilities. But for this current change of state interferences into a maintainable socio-economic growth procedure, a 'core functioning rationale' for the Growth Centre and its several facilities desires to be noticeably known.