In Structural Analysis, we analyze the structures with different methods based on its structures type. Two types of structures are determinate structures and indeterminate structures. Generally, it is actually not possible to perform an exact analyze of a structure. Hence, approximations for structure geometry, material limit and boundary, loading type and magnitude must be made. Determinate structure simply means that all the forces in the structure can be determined from the equilibrium equation. If there are more unknowns than the equation, the structure is indeterminate.
Determinancy=Reactions-Equilibrium
Statically determinate beam can be solved by the equilibrium equation consist of summation of horizontal force ∑fx=0, summation of vertical force ∑fy=0 and summation of moment ∑M at a point =0. One of the advantages of statically determinate beam is that it is easier to be analyzed. As one of the common statically simply supported beam with a pin support and a roller support, which results in three reactions- equilibrium = 0 hence determinate. Even though one of the supports has settled, there will be no stress caused due to the less of fit or settlement, this is because roller support allows rotation and hence it will be in equilibrium state. Besides, determinate structure that allows rotation at such will not be affected by the temperature reaction. For example, expansion due to hot weather and constraint due to cold weather will not influence the structure equilibrium. Besides, bending moment or shear at any point is independent and not relying on the material property. This is because the structure itself allows rotation from roller support and hence it will not cause any unnecessary stress to the material of beam i...
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...ave of water, wind loading and settlement of support. However, those situations stated will cause stress due to the ability of the beam to compact and redistribute the load among the beam. To overcome the disadvantage, the most suitable material, cross section and second moment area is required to be used to design the highest efficiency structure in real life application.
In conclusion, statically indeterminate beam’s most significant advantage is safety. All fundamental of structure is to withstand load and function to serve its designated purpose. Hence, real life structures are mostly indeterminate to brace the unknown external load or internal defect and yet still able to achieve stability.
References
Carpinteri, Alberto. Structural Mechanics: A Unified Approach. Taylor & Francis, 1997.
Wearne, Phillip. Collapse - Why Buildings Fall Down. TV Books , 2000.
Today, engineers rely on damping systems to counteract nature's forces. There are many types of damping systems that engineers can now use for structures, automobiles, and even tennis rackets! This site focuses on damping systems in structures, mainly architectural variations of the tuned mass damper.
3.13 Static-load rating: The utmost load which will be applied to a stationary screw and nut assembly while not damaging it.
Compare with other types of bridges, suspension bridge can span the longest distance without using lots of material. However, if the issue of stiffness was not fully cosidered, vibration would be occurred on the bridge deck under high wind. A few week after the Tacoma Narrow Bridge was operated, the bridge start oscillation and its oscillation kept increasing day by day. Therefore engineers tried to build more cable between the bridge, but it is still unsuccessful. After four months the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was build, the bridgre which normally vibrated in a vertiacal motion, began to oscillate with the opposite side out of phase (torsional model), under the wind of 68 km/h. Due to the extremely violent oscillation, the failure bagan at the mid-...
...ad to use cantilevers which were beams anchored at only one end. These beams carry the load to support where the force is concentrated by a moment and shear stress. Fallingwater indeed was a revolutionary structure due to the fact that it had many unique aspects. From how famous the house became, Fallingwater was featured on the cover of Time magazine, in 1938.
While in the previous designs, the arm moved only on the fulcrum, the floating arm trebuchet has its fulcrum move along a horizontal beam. In this design, it uses more of a square shape than the triangle of a typical trebuchet (Tarver, 1995). This is what we decided to build because it is the most practical design for amateurs, and it works well even though it is scaled down. Apart from its simplicity, this will also be the best design for changing out the arms, which is what we will be testing, the top of the floating arm trebuchet is open so that you can pull the arm to the very top. Using this design will allow us to simply take the arm off of the top and change it with another longer or shorter
These types of bridges are either V-shaped or in an inclined position. An example of this type of bridge is the Albert Bridge in London, England. An additional type of bridge structure is the truss bridge. A truss bridge contains a pattern of diagonal columns that sit on top of the bridge. There are many types of designs, but the most common designs are the king posts, which consist of two diagonal columns supported by a vertical column, and queen posts, which consist of two diagonal columns supported by two vertical and horizontal columns near the peak. An example of a truss bridge is the Dom Luis I
Figs 21-22 in Case 3 and 25-26 in Case 4 show the normal bending behavior for the box girder under 100% of the total applied load. The load-displacement graphs in both cases clearly indicate the elastic behavior of the bridge, because the girder was able to carry all of the applied load with no failure, Fig 23 and 27. Since the truck loads in Case 4 are acting on one side of the bridge only, the stress concentration is high at that part as observed in Fig 25-26. The bending displacement in Case 3 is 0.024 inches, which is less than that in Case 4 (0.026 inches) because the bridge in Case 3 under the dead load only as mentioned
A cantilever is a beam fixed at one end only. They are often used in
The suspension bridge was originated from nature and they have been used for long ages. The first suspension bridges were thought to have been made of natural fibers in the eastern Himalaya. Early suspension bridges were known in South America, Asia and a variety of regions around the world. The evolution of modern suspension bridges is closely connected to the development of metals and composites. Modern suspension bridge construction has developed with the new technological components, materials and engineering knowledge. Experiences also widely affected the development of the suspension bridges. At the beginning of ...
Giddens (as cited in Ritzer & Goodman, 2003) argues that structure and agency, although a dichotomy, mustn’t be regarded as working independent of one another. Instead the nature of human interaction and action relies on the interlaced mechanism of agency and structure. Human practices are recursive, thus individuals create both their cognizance and the structural conditions within which they act. Since social actors are reflexive and observe the ongoing flow of activities and structural conditions, they adapt their actions responsively to those evolving insights. An example of such adaptation is the ways in which stigmatized individuals manage their identity to conform to the structural norms and expectations of society.
In our design, we feel that the geometric shapes and the dimensions we chose will greatly affect the outcome of our bridge. We expect this bridge to hold a great amount of weight because our cylinders will be reinforced and backed up by one another. Since our bridge has stacks and multiple levels, we expect it to be strong. When we stack the weights onto our bridge, the offset cylinders will act like triangles, evenly distributing weight in a fine pattern.
Fanella, D. (2011). Reinforced concrete structures: analysis and design / David A. Fanella. New York: McGraw-Hill, c2011.
The structural engineers use geometry in their design in order to calculate the spacing of their columns and beams for proper strength for the building.
Experimental Mechanics involves the experimental investigations of the static and dynamic response of structures and machines, and in the development of improved techniques to obtain and analyze experimental data.
Chua, Ian Y. H. Civil and Structural Engineering Resource Web. 29 Jan. 2000. 2 Mar.