Death, Gender, and Social Roles in To the Lighthouse
To the Lighthouse is a book preoccupied by death, and gender is formulated by the difference in response to its threat. Women pursue immortality through creation of illusion and men through pursuance of facts. The novel questions the distinction between the sexes that became rigidified into pre-WWI gender roles which are exemplified in the institution of marriage. A younger generation fights against the rigidity of gender boundaries, Lily being the chief representative of this rebellion. She must learn to integrate her masculine and feminine qualities into a balanced whole so that she will be a creator of illusion and a pursuer of facts. Lily’s painting is her creative representation of the underlying truth of gendered life and will achieve her immortality.
The major interpretive difficulty of this novel is Woolf’s use of multiple perspectives. Josephine O’Brien Schaefer writes:
“The window in Part I is, naturally, the literal one at which Mrs. Ramsay sits with her small son James…The title, however, has a much wider application. Each of the characters has his window opening on the world, and much of the first section of the novel differentiates the frames of references [of the different characters]... Virginia Woolf, adding her own voice to the voice of the characters, bit by bit completes a view ‘in’ as well as ‘out,’ in other words, a view of the viewer framed by the window. The moments of vision which occur much later in Part III must be understood as occurring within the frames supplied in Part I” (Latham, 72).
It is easy to accept one character’s version of reality as true and Woolf periodically warns us, through the confusion of her characters...
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... society has tried to discourage such mixing of gender within self by creating distinctive roles for women and men. Woolf feels that women must learn to accept their femininity, cultivate their masculinity and choose the role that they want to play. Only when they do this can immortality through self-fulfilment be achieved.
Works Cited
Gilbert, Sandra M. and Gubar, Susan. No Man’s Land, Volume 3,: Letters From the Front. London: Yale University Press, 1994.
Latham, Jacqueline, ed. Critics on Virginia Woolf. Florida: University of Miami Press, 1970.
O’Brien Schaefer, Josephine. The Three-fold Nature of Reality in the Novels of Virginia Woolf. The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1965, pp. 111-13, 118-25. (Latham, pg. 72-78).
Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Introduction by D.M. Hoare, Ph.D. London: J.M. Dent and Sons
Ltd., 1960
Dozier, Richard. "Adultry and Disappointment in Who's Afraid Of Virginia Woolf?" Modern Drama Vol11. No 4, (Feb 1969): 432-436.
Each person goes through life questioning the whys and what ifs, but seldom do people act on those revengeful feelings unless they reach a point of action. Hamlet reaches such a point in life where wordplay no longer suffices, and he must act not out of necessity but out of filial duty and honor. In this soliloquy, Hamlet sheds his attachment for words and begins to act on his deeply held feelings of revenge/
Most people who have watched a soap opera can recognize that the love triangle is a crucial element to the plot. In fact, the original radio broadcasted soap operas seemed to consist almost entirely of love triangles. The love triangle, for plot purposes, seems to be a popular technique employed to change the dynamic, add dimension, and generally ‘spice up’ an otherwise stagnant monogamous relationship. It would make for a pretty dull and quite unpopular show if such popular daytime soap characters as Luke and Laura or Bo and Hope had enjoyed a smooth courtship, uncomplicated marriage and then grew old and gray together without a single conflict. The viewers watched them go through many conflicts, some of which involved the classic love triangle. Such conflicts as the love triangle keep the story moving. Common elements of triangles in today’s soaps consist of lust, greed, jealousy, any of which are interchangeable with the conflicts resulting from situations involving lovers coming back from the dead or paternity uncertainties. Yet love triangles, whether in the soap opera or in the novel, are not all uniformly constructed. James Joyce’s The Dead and Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure, both modernist novels, each contain love triangles as an integral element of the story.
Core Question 1: On the last paragraph on page 360, Woolf asks (regarding “rooms of your own in the house”), “How are you going to furnish it, how are you going to decorate it? With whom are you going to share it with, and upon what terms?” What is the purpose of including these rhetorical questions?
Woolf’s pathos to begin the story paints a picture in readers minds of what the
In Virginia Woolf’s “To the Lighthouse”, the struggle to secure and proclaim female freedom is constantly challenged by social normalcy. This clash between what the traditional female ideologies should be and those who challenge them, can be seen best in the character of Lily Brisco. She represents the rosy picture of a woman that ends up challenging social norms throughout the novel to effectively achieve a sense of freedom and individuality by the end. Woolf through out the novel shows Lily’s break from conventional female in multiply ways, from a comparison between her and Mrs.Ramsey, Lily’s own stream of consciousness, as well as her own painting.
Overall, the lifestyle changes brought forth by guilt are portrayed through Hawthorne’s use of Biblical allusions. When guilt shadows over an individual’s mind, they often forgot how to differentiate between what they should do and what they’re actually doing. Instead of accepting the guilt and moving on, many express their guilt through actions. When the choice of destroying guilt, or letting it destroy you, comes up, individuals tend to select the option that involves less doing, since they are already ashamed of their deeds.
Illusion’s purpose is questioned in this fact-based world we call reality. Blanche, Stella’s sister, is used to represent illusion. Her whole life, from her diamond tiara made of rhinestones, to her spurious façade, is literally and metaphorically an illusion. The concept of illusions is further developed through the light motif in the play, with Blanche displaying “moth” like characteristics, avoiding “strong light”(pg.3) and “naked light bulb[s]”(pg.54). The light motif also represents a time of innocence, before Blanche’s husband’s death, when there was “blinding light” in her life, but after her husbands suicide, there hasn’t been“ any light that's stronger than this--kitchen—candle” (pg.103). Stanley is an advocate for reality, as shown by his constant struggle to uncover Blanches illusions about her past. Williams suggests that illusion’s serve as an essential part of society. Whether it was Blanches husband’s suicide or Stella’s husband’s participation in rape, illusions are shown throughout the play to help people deal with harsh realities. They help ‘victims’ of reality see “what ought to be truth”(pg.127) through illusions, alleviating unwanted pain.
Emily Dickinson once wrote “Much madness is divinest/Sense-To a discerning Eye.” Often in literature, a character’s madness or foolish action plays an important role. Such is the case with the play Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? written in 1962, by Edward Albee. The author develops and revisits the inner conflict of Martha, the protagonist, which results from the struggle between her and society throughout the plot to highlight the theme of struggle between reality and illusion. Martha’s madness is used by Albee to reveal characteristics of American society in the 50s and 60s that reveal the seemingly mad behavior as reasonable.
3 Woolf, Virginia: A sketch of the past , Norton Anthology of English Literature Vol.2 , sixth edition
Woolf's examination of the male and female relationships and the associated patriarchy within the novel can be seen best through Mr and Mrs Ramsay. Mrs Ramsay appears to be a woman that lacks her own personal identity, automatically drawn towards patriarchy. This allows Woolf to examine the psychological aspects of the male and female relationships by showing the effects of the Oedipus complex within James Ramsay's jealousy towards his fat...
In the play, Hamlet, William Shakespeare explores the theme of revenge. Throughout the work, Hamlet acquires a moral dilemma; he cannot decide how to carry out revenge without condemning himself. Thus, although the play promotes the idea of revenge at the beginning, the cultivation of dialogue, relationships, and complications provide evidence of the detrimental consequences and limitations of the theme.
Work Cited Woolf, Virginia. A. Mrs. Dalloway. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc., 2005.
Woolf presents three characters who embody three different gender roles. Mrs. Ramsay is the dutiful wife and mother. Mr. Ramsay is the domineering patriarch. Lily Briscoe is an independent, aspiring woman. Woolf sets these three roles in contrast with each other. She allows the reader to see the power and influence each character has. Mrs. Ramsay’s submissive and supportive nature arouses admiration. Mr. Ramsay’s condescending manner provokes animosity. Lily Briscoe’s independence enables her to find meaning and fulfillment in her life.
... Just when she thinks that she cannot make a painting worth painting, she hears of Mr. Ramsey, Cam and James’ landing to the lighthouse. ““He has landed,” she said aloud. “It is finished (208).”” The thoughts of the Lighthouse and the Ramseys at it inspire her suddenly, and she completes the picture, tying everything together and complimenting each piece at the same time, like Mrs. Ramsey had done when she was still alive. “Yes, she thought, laying down her brush in extreme fatigue, I have had my vision (209).” The completion of this painting resulted in Lily’s attaining self-confidence, and the successful portrayal of Mrs. Ramsey