Databases and Y2K
Introduction: Tremendous problems loom just around the corner for organizations that use two-digit years (i.e. 1-9-97). How tough could it be to change the year from 1999 to 2000? The "Year 2000 Problem" cannot be fixed by simply resetting a computer's internal clock on
January 1, 2000. Computers may be smart, but their programmers weren't very farsighted. In the '60s and '70s, many businesses were looking to cut costs and because computer storage space was expensive at the time, programmers decided to cut year dates to two digits (i.e., 1969 became
69). It doesn't sound like a major error, but computers are extremely date-sensitive. Computers routinely add and subtract digits in a date to make a variety
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Many manufacturers have built products with software instructions embedded onto chips; equipment ranging from fax machines to auto assembly lines could all be affected by the bug.
What's the Problem? For many organizations, the Year 2000 Problem has become the most complex project management exercise ever undertaken.
The reasons for this are multi-factored. For starters, we are less than 13 months away from Year 2000 yet many organizations are just now paying attention to it.1 There is no way to avoid the fact that our information systems are based on a faulty standard that will cost the worldwide computer community billions of dollars in programming effort.
This 'bug' touches on all areas of an organization, and the complexity of analyzing and quantifying the scope of the problem, repairing and replacing infected items, conducting adequate testing activities and finally, implementing multiple interrelated hardware, systems and software can be overwhelming. Compounding the difficulty is the lack of awareness in general regarding the potential risks, and the fact that the project is driven by a series of hard dates. In addition,
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Let's take your bank account. As the 1999 turns over to 2000, your bank's computer may calculate that your account deserves an additional 100 year's interest. Of course, it's also possible you may be penalized for being 100 years overdue on your loan payment! Or suppose you have some data records and want to sort them by date (e.g., 1965, 1905, 1966), the resulting sequence would be 1905,
1965, 1966. However, if you add in a date record such as 2015, the computer, which reads only the last two digits of the date, sees 05,
15, 65, 66, and sorts them incorrectly.2 Or you are running a little late for your airline flight, but your reservation seems to have been cancelled 100 years ago. Unchecked, database glitches as a result of
Y2K could be endless.
Some databases will appear to not have Year 2000 problems because they convert a given day, month and year to a single number. That number is equal to the total number of days since a certain date earlier in time, for instance - 1-11900. In other words, it calculates the actual number of days (i.e.
"35,405") since that earlier date in time. Nonetheless, Year
2000 problems could arise if a 2-digit year in historical
He saw the hooded figure walking on the next block and decided to follow him. He drove up the block until he reached the hooded figure. Before getting out of the car he made he had his gun strapped to his side. “Stop” he yelled as he pulled the gun out. The hooded figure ran as fast as he could. He was no match though to George. They both are in front of each as if the world around them is frozen in time. George decides to move slowly toward the hooded figure. Then the hooded figure pushes Zimmerman unto the ground, making bruises on the back of his head. George stands back up with the gun in his hand, “I will give you one warning stop or I will have to use force or call the police. It had seemed that the word police triggered something in the hooded figures mind, because the hooded figure starts sprinting in the opposite direction if George. Knowing he was faster than the hooded figure he sprinted toward him. He tackles the hooded figure as the tumble and wrestle on the ground. When the hooded figure is on top of him he noticed that he dropped his gun. He tries to reach for it when the hooded figure pushed him back onto the ground. He finally gets a grip on the gun. The hooded figure tries to move away while George is trying to keep him restrained.” Help me, help me” the hooded figure screamed out to the top of his lungs. BANG, that is when the sound of the gun goes off. The body stops moving as he heard the
Austin caught his hands. Austin knew that the man was aiming for his eye. Austin held him back far enough to think about escape. Austin hit his and punched him until the man let go and ran out of the medical center. Austin was running for his life until he could no longer run. He looked around panting like a dog. He saw signs pointing towards the safe houses. Austin walked with caution around the halls trying to eliminate the chance of someone dangerous finding him. He could still hear shots ringing from far away. He reached the end of hall finally and found one of the safe houses. However, the door seal was melted, Austin forced open the doors only to find corpses lying all over the floor, blood splattered all over the walls, and the foul smell of decay. Austin felt he was going to throw up but a chill ran down his spine when he saw John’s corpse. “Another person, gone Austin.” said a familiar voice. Austin turned and saw the same lady. “You’re alone… nobody else is here for you.” Austin couldn’t find the will to speak. “Die Austin, join them.” The women started walking to Austin. “Join me Austin.” Austin backed away. “Austin…” said the women in an angry tone. “Atone for what you did to me!” She disappeared right in front of him. Austin blinked rapidly, he felt guilty as he looked back at them room. He felt lonely, nobody was there, except… death. Austin slowly walked away from the room heading towards the tram. The lingering feeling about guilt and loneliness filled his gut as he walked toward the tram door. He entered the tram station and looked down the empty tunnels of darkness and garbage. Austin called the tram and sat down on one of the benches. “Austin…how do you do it?” The lady was back sitting on the same bench but a few feet apart from Austin. Feelings of guilt filled Austin’s thoughts. “The feeling of being the last one left hurts doesn’t it?” Austin showed faces of
In a Long Count calendar date there are five numbers which are separated by four periods (for example, 13.0.0.0.0). 13.0.0.0.0 is thought to have been the Mayan’s theory as to the world’s creation date. The Mayans used hieroglyphs, such as those in the image,
Oracle's relational databases represent a new and exciting database technology and philosophy on campus. As the Oracle development projects continue to impact on University applications, more and more users will realize the power and capabilities of relational database technology.
Taxes play a big role in society nowadays. Everything we earn and spend is taxed. There are 2 types of taxes, Direct and Indirect i.e. the 2 Ugly Sisters of Tax. Direct refers to Income Tax and Indirect refers to VAT (Value Added Tax) Thomas Paine looks at how tax was shifted from the rich to the poor thereafter a tension arose.
In this experiment, we took a detailed look at Edward Bloom's Big Fish. In particular, we sampled 10 pages of the book, and from each of those pages, examined the number of lines starting with various types of words, and types of letters as well. In order to randomly select 10 pages from the book, we used the Vasser Stats randomizer to generate 10 random page numbers. We then went through each of the 10 randomly selected pages and recorded the number of lines that started with a noun, a verb, an adjective, a vowel, and a consonant. When recording the number of lines starting with nouns and verbs, we also made sure to divide the results into those that began with vowels and those began with consonants. The data was entered into a spreadsheet in Excel and then transferred to JMP IN. In dealing with the data, we treated each of the ten pages as an individual and so we had 10 values for the number of lines starting with each of our different word and letter types. Once the data was entered into JMP IN, we constructed 5 histograms to show the frequency distribution for the number of lines starting with each of our word and letter types. Once our histograms were created, we took a look at the descriptive statistics for each of our histograms and summarily grouped the 5 sets of data in a table. The descriptive statistics we chose to include were; the mean, median, maximum, minimum, upper quartile, lower quartile, 95% confidence intervals, and sample size. The histograms and statistics were calculated and created, respectively, in JMP. We then entered the number of noun and verb lines that started with vowels and consonants in JMP. From this spreadsheet, we used JMP to produce a contingency table. This was done to determine whether or not there exists a statistically significant relationship between the type of word and the type of letter that word begins with. Once the contingency table was created, JMP performed a Pearson chi-square test on the data.
The Revolution in Database Architecture, by Jim Gray, describes the path that Gray thought that the evolution of the Database Architecture would take after 2004. He considers that databases had been stagnated for several years and that, beginning in 2004, the development of several technologies would pave the way into a revolution in the database world.
Databases are used on a daily basis amongst nearly every industry in the world. Regardless of what job function you currently work you can expect that the data you are using or inputting is coming from or being stored in some type of database. To understand databases you may want to consider how they impact your career, if they are consider enterprise tools, how they are designed and the effort required to do so, and the database architecture.
There are two witnesses of the crime. At the junction of the robbery Mavis came to the post office to send a parcel, once she has seen the crime she fainted and collapsed in the doorway. Charlie after seen Mavis made the second shoot in the crime scene to the window. When Bert was trying to drag Mavis aside he cuts his hand on some of the glass on the floor. Johne saw the incident and tried to stop them and Ali hit John on the head with the butt of the gun and fired in his leg. Wilfred a retired soldier saw perpetrators during the perpetrators were changing cars and informed to the police.
Taxation is a compulsory levy imposed on the income, value of goods and services of individuals, partners and companies by the government. It is can be said to be an approach of imposing tax on the citizen. This imposition of tax, is expected to yield income which should be utilized in the provision of both basic and substantial infrastructural amenities, both social and security, as well as creates conditions for the economic well-being of the society at large.
At the onset of this book, the reader is introduced to the narrator, Nick Carraway, who relates the past happenings that construct the story of Jay Gatsby and Nick during the summer of 1922. After fighting in World War I, or the Great War as Nick called it, Nick left his prominent family in the West of America for the North where he intended to learn the bond business. Nick was originally supposed to share a house in West Egg near New York City with an associate of his, but the man backed out and so Nick lived with only a Finnish cook. Right next door, Gatsby lived in a glorious mansion with expansive gardens and a marble swimming pool, among other luxuries. Yet Nick did not even hear about Gatsby until he went to visit his distant family at East Egg next to West Egg.
1) Tax is the amount of money demanded by government to financially support the economy. The main two types of tax are direct tax and indirect tax. Direct taxes are levied on the income, property, or wealth of an individual (e.g. Income Tax & Corporate Tax). Direct taxes tend to be progressive, efficient, and flexible. However some will also argue that it encourages tax evasion, disincentive to work, tax havens which results to leakages, and is unpopular with the electorate. On the contrary, indirect taxes are charged upon goods and services, thus affecting citizens indirectly (e.g. VAT & Council Tax). It is effective because it let the people decide whether or not to pay it. However, taxes like VAT are regressive towards citizens.
Databases are becoming as common in the workplace as the stapler. Businesses use databases to keep track of payroll, vacations, inventory, and a multitude of other taske of which are to vast to mention here. Basically businesses use databases anytime a large amount of data must be stored in such a manor that it can easily be searched, categorized and recalled in different means that can be easily read and understood by the end user. Databases are used extensively where I work. In fact, since Hyperion Solutions is a database and financial intelligence software developing company we produce one. To keep the material within scope I shall narrow the use of databases down to what we use just in the Orlando office of Hyperion Solutions alone.
The Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables the users to define, create, maintain and control the access to the database. It is a software that interact with the user’s applications programs and it database. Meanwhile, information retrieval system is a system that involved the activity that the systems obtain the information. The obtaining information action need the information from it resources.
In our world, people rely heavily on the power of technology every day. Kids are learning how to operate an iPad before they can even say their first word. School assignments have become virtual, making it possible to do anywhere in the world. We can receive information from across the world in less than a second with the touch of a button. Technology is a big part of our lives, and without it life just becomes a lot harder. Just like our phones have such an importance to us in our daily lives, database management systems are the same for businesses. Without this important software, it would be almost impossible for companies to complete simple daily tasks with such ease.