ABSTRACT
Scaling is a part of geometric transformation. Scaling transformation is used to change the size of an object either to shrink or enlarge (Yuwaldi, 2000). Object scaling is normally used in computer graphics. For example, the user can enlarge or shrink the drawn object according to certain specifications. In the medical field, scaling techniques are used by experts during the pre-surgery process. For manual template method, the surgeon must face two different expansion image i.e scale of the X-ray and the implant (template) scale (Siti Fairuz, 2009). The surgeon takes longer time to identify the appropriate implant size due to different resolution in the patient’s X-rays (Fang et al, 2006). This research is conducted with the purpose to show techniques and algorithms that can solve the problem of scaling in the medical field that involves the use of medical images and digital implants.
Keywords: implants, resolution, pixels, scaling
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pre-surgical evaluation is important in the hip joint replacement (THR) as it determines the size and position of the optimal implant before surgery. The accuracy of the results of pre-surgery enables to improve surgical procedures, save time and reduce damage to the implant after surgery (Hendrikus et al, 2008). Manual implant templating is rather difficult to execute due to X-ray film magnification factors that is constantly changing. In the process of digital templating, the templates and images can be automatically scaled to obtain the appropriate magnification scaling factor. However, the accuracy is depending on the scaling techniques used. By creating a better scaling techniques, the pre-surgical evaluation process can be impleme...
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...tput generated from the implant scaling techniques in this research, it can be said that the technique is capable of accurate implant scaling. Implant size will shrink or enlarge according to X-ray images size. With greater emphasis on the resolution and pixel density images, this technique enables to reduce errors during implant scaling. Besides that, the use of quality X-ray images can also give a large impact on in the production of scaling techniques with high accuracy.
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research project conducted in collaboration with Dr. Yazid Abd Kassim and Dr. Hami Abd Hamzaini Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras. HUKM orthopedic department has provided medical image data (DICOM) and the template for hip joint implants used in this research. This research is funded by grant university OUP-xxx-xxx.
For this scope of this assignment a study in the surface modification of a titanium alloy stem, used in a hip joint implant is going to be studied. A total hip joint implant consists of an articulating bearing basically the femoral head and cup and the stem. The stem is made from titanium alloy - Ti- 6Al- 4V where titanium is alloyed with aluminium and vanadium. When titanium is alloyed with these materials excellent properties are achieved such as high strength-to-weight ratio and exceptional corrosion resistance.2 However, this alloy gives poor tribological properties and tends to seize when it is subjected to sliding motion due to its low hardness of 36HRC.3 Several surface modification techniques are done on ti...
Lantada, Andres Diaz, Pilar Lafont Morgado, Julio Munoz-Garcia, Juan Manuel Munoz-Guijosa, Javier Echavarri Otero, Jose Luis Munoz Sanz, and Raquel Del Valle-Fernandez. “Development of Personalized Annuloplasty Rings: Combination of CT Images and CAD-CAM Tools.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 38, 2009. 28 March 2011: 280-290.
Published literature lacks evidence regarding mortality and cause of death after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing. We present an epidemiological analysis of cause of death...
Hip implants have been utilized even longer than metal-on-plastic implants. Metal-on-Metal bearings (cobalt chromium alloy, titanium alloy or from time to time stainless steel) were in use from as distant back as 1955 nevertheless they were not agreed for use in the U.S. by the FDA till 1999. They proposal the possible for considerably decreased wear, alongside less inflammation and less bone loss. A little mechanism recalls have held negative attention to Metal-on-Metal. Metal-on-metal constituents permit the biggest heads across the whole scope of implant sizes. Colossal ball heads furnish increased scope of gesture and larger stability, that can considerably cut the chance of hip dislocation, a critical factor in the long word accomplishment of an implant.
For the pelvis an AP pelvis projection would be sufficient to analyse if there is any damage to the pelvis. If any abnormalities are detected, further imaging would be conducted accordingly i.e. horizontal beam lateral hip shoot through.
There are many causes for needing a bone replaced, a common one being arthritis. The hip and knee are both effective bones in the body when uncompromised by osteoarthritis because they are structurally designed to manage stress from loading in effective ways. In hip and knee replacement surgery, common surgeries, there are advantages and disadvantages relating to recovery time and lasting bone health. By examining the structure and functionality of the knee and hip with an emphasis on artificial bone, researchers are continuing to expand upon the field of bone replacement surgery.
Osteoporosis, which means “porous bone, ” is a disease of weak and brittle bones.(nof 1) Osteoporosis makes bone mineral density loss. In a result, the possibility of fracture is increased because the bone is fragile. The size or volume of the bone is same, however, the mass of bone runs low on. This condition is the sympt...
The modern total hip replacement was invented in 1962 by Sir John Charnley. Sir Charnley was an orthopedic surgeon who worked for a small hospital in England. The total hip replacement is considered by many to be the most important operation developed in the 20th century, solely based on the fact that it helps to relieve human suffering. Total hip replacement was first performed in the United States around 1969. Since then there have been more then a hundred of thousands of replacements performed in the United States. One of the first surgeons to perform this surgery was Charles O. Bechtol. In 1969, while he was a professor at UCLA, Bechtol started a total hip replacement program. The artificial hip joint is considered a prosthesis. There are two major types of artificial hip joints, cemented prosthesis and uncemented prosthesis. The type of prosthesis that will be used on the individual patient is decided by the surgeon depending on the patient's age, lifestyle and the experience that the surgeon has with a particular one.
What is considered to be the ideal body shape in current trends is rapidly becoming more and more unattainable by the average individual. The false body shapes created by using photographic manipulation software, airbrushing, special lighting effects, surgical alte...
Dubey, R.B., et al. “The Current CAD and PACS Technologies in Medical Imaging.” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 4.8 (2009): 1439-1456. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.
The idea of having an amputated limb and being able to receive a prosthetic limb within a few short hours is still a dream in today’s world. Scientists and researchers have made huge leaps and bounds in recent years, but prosthetic limbs have been around for decades. The oldest ever found was in Cairo, Egypt in the year 2000. It was a prosthetic toe made of leather and wood from 3000 years ago (Clements, 2008). This limb showed us that for the most part prosthetics have not changed a whole lot, but how they are made has improved. Prosthetic limbs can now be designed by using CAD/CAM, computer aided design and manufacturing. They can speed up the process it takes to make the limbs for patients. Clinical use of this process is still slow to get going in a lot of states and the world. The most important part of the prosthetic limb to the patient is not whether the limbs functionality is better, but the comfort of the socket. The socket is where the residual limb will reside in the actual prosthetic limb. When the handmade casts are used, it is hard to make a socket that will work well for the patient because it is hard to make an exact replica of the limb. That is why more funding needs to go to places that will teach people how to use the CAD/CAM design process and to help companies buy the expensive fabrication sites to actually make the limbs. Not only is the use of CAD/CAM a better process, but it is faster and will get the patients a better fitting limb that they will want to use more often.
Various factors have been attributed for the success of the implant and impression material and the technique is one of which is considered very crucial and important criteria in the success of fabrication and long lasting of the restoration. A dental impression is a negative imprint of an oral structure used to produce a positive replica of the structure for use as a permanent record or in the production of a dental restoration or prosthesis. Since the accuracy of the impression affects the accuracy of the definitive cast, an accurate impression is essential to fabricate prosthesis with good fit. An inaccurate impression may result in prosthesis misfit, which may lead to mechanical and/or biological complications.
• Generating data to create dental or surgical prosthetics, tissue engineered body parts, or for surgical planning.
CTscans stands for “Computed Tomography”. It is a way of looking inside your body using a special camera. It is an advanced scanning x-ray and computer system that makes detailed pictures of horizontal cross-sections of the body, or the part of the body that is x-rayed. A CT scan is a diagnostic test that combines the use of x-ray with computer technology. A series of x-beams from many different angles are used to get these cross-sectional images of the patient’s body. In a computer, these pictures are assembled into a 3-dimentianal picture that can display organs, tissues, bones, and any such thing. It can even show ducts, blood vessels and tumors. One of the advantages of CT is that it clearly shows soft tissue structures (such as brain), as well as dense tissue structure (such as bone). The pictures of a Ctscanner are a lot more detailed than the pictures of a regular X-ray machine. It can make pictures of areas protected or surrounded by bones, which a regular X-ray machine can not. Because of this, a CT scanner is said to be 100 times as affective and clever as an ordinary X-ray, and can therefore diagnose some diseases a lot earlier and quicker. It is recent technology that has made it possible to accurately scan objects into a computer in three dimensions, even though the machines and ideas were developed in the 1970s. In the 70s doctors started to use this new type of machine that could give detailed pictures of organs that the older type of x-ray, machine could not give.
Images of human anatomy have been around for more than 500 years now. From the sketches created by Leonardo da Vinci, to the modern day Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, images have played a great role in medicine. Evolution in medical imaging brought together people from various disciplines such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, a collaboration which has further contributed to healthcare as a whole. Modern day imaging improves medical workflows by facilitating a non-invasive insight into human body, accurate and timely diagnostics, and persistence of an analysis.