Toshiyuki Kimbara
Economics 335
Currency Values and Exchange Rates
There are several key factors that causes currency values to change and they are: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, the balance of payment and trade, public debt, and interest rates. The GDP measures a country’s economy since it calculates the total market value of all goods and services. When the GDP of a country increases, the national currency will rise up as well. Inflation measures the rate where the general level of prices for goods and services are increasing while the purchasing power is decreasing. Countries with low inflation rates will have a higher currency since there is an increase in purchasing power., but high inflation will decrease the value of the currency. The balance of payment includes all financial transactions with in a country and the balance of trade describes the difference between a country’s imports and exports. A surplus in the balance of payment would increase the national currency while a depreciation in the balance of payment would decrease it. Also a positive balance of trade, which means that there are more exports than imports, would increase the currency value because there is an increasing demand in a country’s currency. But a trade deficit would result in a currency depreciation for a country since there is more outflow of monetary payments to other countries. Interest rates are very important when talking about currency values due to several factors. First, when there are high interest rates, a country can expect many potential investors since they would expect higher returns. And when there are many investors, a country can expect foreign capital which would give the national currency an appreciation. On the other...
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...e jobs being offered within the country due to a decrease in off-shoring, there should be an appreciation in the currency value since there would be a increase in the balance of payment and trade. And for Japan, the Olympics in 2020 that is going to occur in Tokyo should help their economy in several ways. First, low inflation rates should start to be seen in the Japanese economy since there would an increase in purchasing power for many products. Also, the GDP should increase since there will be a need for a great amount of raw materials and technological products due to the construction that will take place for stadiums and other buildings. Therefore in the end, I can conclude that the likely changes that we’ll see in the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen should help out their economies and both of their currency values should be more stable for the next few years.
Japan has experienced great economy recovery after World War II, thanks to America’s financial assistance and the rapid development of heavy industry. It became the first Asian country that hosted Tokyo Olympics Games in 1964 and Osaka World Expo in 1970, reaching an average annual economic growth of more than 10 percent, becoming the world's second largest economy in 1970s and achieving 30 years of economic growth until the 1980s. Implicated by the appreciation of the Yen and low interest rate policy, however, Japan has underg...
Thus, imports of American goods are under less competitive pressure to keep prices low. Thus, weak dollar benefits U.S. exports by making American goods cheaper in foreign countries. Foreign tourists can afford to travel and visit the United States. When the dollar is falling, foreign purchasing power is increasing. Purchasing power is the amount of value of a good or service compared to the amount that you paid.
Economic indicators often affect and influence the value of a country's currency. The Trade Deficit, the Gross National Product (GNP), Industrial Production, the Unemployment Rate, and Business Inventories are examples of economic indicators. We will be dealing with four specific indicators: interest rate, inflation, unemployment, and employment growth, as well as Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Real GDP is so called because the effects of inflation and depreciation are accounted for in the figures. The state of the economy is important both on a micro and macroeconomic level.
In the following paper I will be examining the process of economic development in Japan. I begin with their history in the Meiji period and how that effected their great success in the postwar development. Then I will go through the different economic stages of economic development in postwar Japan. I will examine the high periods and low period in Japan economics, and the factors behind these shifts in development. Last I will give a conclusion and where I believe Japan economy will be in the future.
Japan is currently in an economic recession. We can see that the value of the yen is falling; unemployment is rising, and purchasing of durable goods is down. This unhealthy state of economy has progressively become bleaker over the years.
Shortly after the Second World War, the economy of Japan started to revive. Then, Japan had entered a period of high-speed development. However, with the bursting of bubble economy, Japan’s economy had experienced a great recession. This essay intends to make clear the emergence of the bubble economy and why Japan recovers so slowly.
The value of the US dollar relevant to other currencies is a major consideration for the Federal Reserve. If they prevent large changes in the value of the dollar, firms and individuals can comfortably plan ahead to purchase or sell goods abroad.
Export trends have been an important factor during Japan's present economic adjustment period, and the structures of Japanese exports, together with the imports, have been changing substantially in recent years. The changes in the country's export and import structures during the 1990s can be characterized by the following three key developments: (1) the weight of IT-related goods has been rising in both real exports and imports; (2) real imports of consumer goods from East Asia has been increasing; and (3) the US remains Japan's largest trading partner as a single country. Due to these factors, maintaining its comparative advantage became the priority in the current global economy.
Fixed exchange rate which is at times known as pegged exchange rate is an exchange rate regime where a country’s currency value is fixed against the value of another currency or to another measure of value such as gold.
The stability of currency values plays a significant role for economic and financial stability. It is not difficult to see the exchange rate fluctuations are widely regarded as damaging. As the movements of the exchange rate have significant and large effects on the trade balance, resource allocation, domestic prices, interest rate, national income and other key economic variables. Then can exchange rate movements be predicted by these fundamental economic variables?
There are many factors that affect the economy, inflation is one of them. Basically inflation is risingin priceof general goods and services above a period.As we see value of money is not valuable for the next years due to inflation. Today every country has facing inflationary condition in their economy.GDP deflator is a basictool that tells the price level of final goods and services domestically produced in an economy.GDP is stand for gross domestic product final value of goods and services, Furthermore GDP deflator shows that how much a change in the base year's GDP relies upon changes in the price level. . Inflation in contrast, how speedy the average prices intensity is increases or changes above the period so the inflation rate define the annual percentage rate changes in the level of price is as measure by GDP deflator more over GDP deflator has a advantage on consumer price index because it isn’t only based on a fixed basket of goods and services. It’s a most effective inflation tool to identify the changes in consumer consumption and newly produced goods and service are reflected by this deflator. Consumer price index (CPI) is also measure the adjusting the economic data it can also be eliminate the effects of inflation, through dividing a nominal quantity by price index to state the real quantity in term.
As an aftereffect of inflation, the purchasing power of a unit of money falls. For instance, a pack of gum that costs $1 and if inflation rate is 2% then in a given year will cost $1.02 the following year. As products and services require more cash to buy, the implicit value of that currency falls.
Japan’s rising yen and the decline of the US dollar, East Asia Forum, 2011. Available at:
As the foundation for the foreign exchange process, exchange rates are one of the most important elements in business, both internationally and domestically. Defined as the rate at which one currency may be converted into another, exchange rates are used by countries in order to purchase products or services from one another. When examining these exchange rates it is important to note that their two distinct types of rates used for global trade: nominal and real.
Daily in the USA about 38 million banknotes of various face value for total amount about 541 million dollars are issued (Facts about USA money).Dollars involve deep consequences both for the USA, and for other countries. Increase of its course relatively reduces the volume of export revenue in dollars, quite often involves more considerable, than change of an exchange rate, falling of the world prices, especially on raw materials. On the contrary, decrease in a dollar rate serves as the powerful tool promoting growth of the American export and a pushing off of competitors of the USA in foreign markets. At the same time import to the USA owing to effect of a rise in prices restrains. Thus, for the USA changes in the exchange rate of dollar anyway bring benefits and advantages.Reduction of leading positions of the USA in world economy is assisted by the international role of dollar which remains the main reserve and settlement means in world monetary system. Foreign currency reserves of the central banks of other countries for 61% consist of dollars, nearly 2/3 calculations in world trade are carried out in dollars; the dollar serves as a measure of value of many important goods (for example: oil) in the world market; in dollars 3/4 international bank crediting is made (Aleksandr Popov). Changes in the exchange rate of dollar involve deep consequences both for the USA, and for other countries. Increase of its course relatively reduces the volume of export revenue in dollars, quite often involves more considerable, than change of an exchange rate, falling of the world prices, especially on raw materials. On the contrary, decrease in a dollar rate serves as the powerful tool promoting growth of the American export and a pushing off...