This essay aims to critically appraise a quantitative research study with the use of a critical appraisal tool. The study (O’Keeffe et al 2010), considers ambulance response times and their role in the survival of patients in out of hospital cardiac arrests. A quantitative study was chosen as quantitative research is based on numerical data and statistics whereas qualitative can be subjective and opinion based, (Barker et al 2016). Previous experience in statistics and numerical based research encouraged selection of a quantitative research paper. A critical appraisal tool developed by Cauldwell et al (2005) was selected due to a better understanding of the questions within the framework giving an enhanced ability to apply the framework questions …show more content…
It is stated that ethical approval was gained from ethics committees covering the hospitals that would be connected to the study, and per Barker et al (2016) all research related to health care has been required to gain formal ethical approval since the Research Governance Framework was made law in 2004. This shows ethical issues were obviously addressed for the study to have been conducted and published, however no details of what the ethical issues specifically were or how they were addressed are given in the paper, such as confidentiality of patient identifiable information and anonymity or informed consent, key ethical concerns when conducting research, (Fox & Byatt 2008). More detailed information on what specific ethical issues were and how they were addressed would improve the ethical validity of the …show more content…
A good conclusion should be simple, concise, relate back to the original research question and contain no reasons or explanations (Davidson et al 2012). Davidson et al (2012) state “only conclude what your data allow you to”. O’Keeffe et al (2010) failed to include any conclusion. Did their data not allow them to conclude what they wanted it to? This is something that could be argued when critically appraising the reviewed study.
Following the use of an appropriate critical appraisal tool, it can be seen that the study by O’Keeffe et al (2010) has its strengths and its weaknesses. The critical appraisal tool (Cauldwell et al 2005) has enabled a systematic breakdown and evaluation of a quantitative research paper to conclude further study and steps would need to be taken for O’Keeffe et al (2010) to be classified as a flawless quantitative research
Those who were affected by the testing in hospitals, prisons, and mental health institutions were the patients/inmates as well as their families, Henrietta Lacks, the doctors performing the research and procedures, the actual institutions in which research was being held, and the human/health sciences field as a whole. Many ethical principles can be applied to these dilemmas: Reliance on Scientific Knowledge (1.01), Boundaries of Competence (1.02), Integrity (1.04), Professional and Scientific Relationships (1.05), Exploitative Relationships (1.07, a), Responsibility (2.02), Rights and Prerogatives of Clients (2.05), Maintaining Confidentiality (2.06), Maintaining Records (2.07), Disclosures (2.08), Treatment/Intervention Efficacy (2.09), Involving Clients in Planning and Consent (4.02), Promoting an Ethical Culture (7.01), Ethical Violations by Others and Risk of Harm (7.02), Avoiding False or Deceptive Statements (8.01), Conforming with Laws and Regulations (9.01), Characteristics of Responsible Research (9.02), Informed Consent (9.03), and Using Confidential Information for Didactic or Instructive Purposes (9.04), and Debriefing (9.05). These particular dilemmas were not really handled until much later when laws were passed that regulated the way human subjects could be used for research. Patients
During the process of research, professionals collect data or identifiable private information through intervention or interaction. While this is a vital part of the scientific and medical fields, every precaution must be taken by researchers to protect the participants' rights. Ethics, outlined by the Belmont report; requirements, described by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS); and regulations, laid out by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are verified by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). This procedure assures that all human rights are safeguarded during the entire research process.
Researchers who conduct interventional clinical research have put into question the Privacy Rule and how it will affect their research activities. The Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration and Protection of Human Subjects Regulations are advised to take measures to protect the
The potential disadvantages of the proceduralist or the CASP approach is that using a specific tool and set of guidelines for every research article may not consistently be applicable. It may be difficult to categorize an article as not having any merit if does not pass the screening questions. It may preclude articles that have value and the ability to depict different topics well since they are not in accordance with the CASP tool. The merits of the substantive approach include concentrating on the analytical rather than the research process. It looks beyond the research process used or the researcher’s assessment of validity with regards to the conclusions of the study. There is emphasis on the dissemination of the findings rather than assessing if the research process was problematic. Having a less rigid approach of the research appraisal can create diverse and more comprehensive ideas (Eakin, & Mykhalovskiy,
The study took advantage of an oppressed and vulnerable population that was in need of medical care. Some of the many ethical concerns of this experiment were the lack of informed consent, invasion of privacy, deception of participants, physical harm, mental harm, and a lack of gain versus harm. One ethical problem in this experiment was that the benefits did not outweigh the harm to participants. At the conclusion of the study there were virtually no benefits for the participants or to the treatment of syphilis. We now have
10).” But the conductors of the review were sure to have mentioned “The ethical and patient safety implications of randomly assigned nurses to cases stating “randomization may be unacceptable to health service providers, research ethics committees and patients, particularly for high-risk patients and procedures (p. 15)”” (ASAH.org)
There are ethical implications at every stage of the research process, including the choiceof topic to research, the selection of the design and the publication of the findings. There are 6 etical principles (ICN 2003) the health care professionals can use to guard their patients (or) clients from harm.
Based on your view of the objectives of performance evaluation, evaluate the perspectives about performance appraisal presented by the managers.
Ethics refers to the values and customs of a community at a particular point in time. At present, the term ethics is guided by the moral principles that guide our everyday actions. These moral principles guide the researcher into deciding what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The foundation of medical ethics is governed by two philosophical frameworks that are deontology, and utilitarianism. However ultimately the ethics committees need to balance the risks, and benefits for the participants and the community associated with the particular research proposal. This balance is quite important as the well being of participants is at risk.7
The articles, published after 1996, contain varied methods of research attainment, but share similarities such as being a self-survey, having a small sample size, and being
Tarzian, A. J., & Force, A. C. C. U. T. (2013). Health care ethics consultation: An update on core competencies and emerging standards from the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities’ Core Competencies Update Task Force. The American Journal of Bioethics, 13(2),
Informed consent is a very serious decision a patient has to make when it comes to their health and consenting to procedures that are believed to cure or treat their current health status. It is important to address the effectiveness of the role a physician play in the informed consent process assuring that the patient has given truly informed consent and what safeguards can be put in place to assure the patient is exercising informed consent. Informed consent is based on the fact that the person consenting is a rational individual that is aware of the action to which he/she is consenting. Allen and McNamara (2011) notes that "On the standard understanding, the important elements of informed consent are the provision of information, the voluntariness of the choice and the competence of the chooser to make the choice— so the potential research participant should be provided with information relevant to the decision to participate, they should be able to choose freely about their participation and they should be competent to decide.
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Following the ethical codes and getting approval from the Institutional Review Board (if the study has human subjects) can really decrease the possibility of any harm being done to the participants. A perfect example of a research study that had lots of things unethical practices was the Tuskegee Syphilis study:
Organization is a group of people brought to gather to achieve specific goals. Goals can be achieved if team member are performing well. Performance is the results of activities given to the employees in an organization to be achieved within specific period of time. Evaluating the current performance of employees against past performances and organizational standards is known as Performance Appraisal (Dessler, 2005). Furthermore performance appraisal helps the company know how individual employees are performing and how to improve their performance thus improving the performance of the company (Grubb, 2007). A performance appraisal is propose in which the performance management system in an organizations set work goals, determine performance standards, provide performance feedback, determine training and development needs and distribute rewards as well as evaluating an employee’s job performance during a period of time. The performance of team member is much more than appraising individuals’ works, it is managing the business, so the performance of an employee is influences by the performance of an organization. It is target to achieve the best results for the planned strategic by managing activities of employees. There are many different opinions on the performance appraisals, some organizations do performance appraisals without any aim just follow others., where some organizations do performance appraisals to make sure they have a record of a piece of paper in the employee’s file – they are careless about do corrective action. But successful organizations understand the importance of combining performance appraisals into their performance management process and strategy plan as the success of any organizatio...