Canada has taken an active role in crime prevention throughout its history. In this paper it will be argued that without the early history of crime prevention in Canada we would not have the reliable programs and safety that are in today’s society. This paper will be analyzing crime prevention from the to present day. Analyzing the history of crime prevention is pertinent to our understanding of how to effectively reduce crime in throughout Canada and make citizens of the nation more comfortable in their communities. Before the 1960s the availability of crime prevention programs were scarce. The federal government did very little to implement any type of crime prevention strategies in Canada. According to Michel Vallee (2010) “The law enforcement system in Canada originated in its colonial structure. Prior to confederation territories or quasi-colonies, such as “La Nouvelle France”, then later Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario relied primarily upon the military to patrol towns and cities” (p. 22). The establishment of police forces in Canada did not originate until the late 1800s. It was not until the events after World War I that Canada decided to create one national police force that would be …show more content…
According to Fennelly et al., (2013) “There are five basic types of information needed for good CPTED planning they are crime analysis information, demographic information, land use information, observations and resident or user interviews”. In Canada, CPTED is widely accepted as being a good strategy for crime prevention. In major cities all over Canada are improving their high-risk areas with the use of CPTED. CPTED is also used in combination with target hardening to have a greater effect on preventing crime among areas in Canada. With incorporation of the police force and CPTED in recent years there has been a considerable decline in crimes among high-risk
According to Kelling, Pate, Dieckman, & Brown (1974), patrol is the “backbone” of police work. This belief is based around the premise that the mere presence of police officers on patrol prohibits criminal activity. Despite increasing budgets and the availability of more officers on the streets, crime rates still rose with the expanding metropolitan populations (Kelling et al., 1974). A one year experiment to determine the effectiveness of routine preventive patrol would be conducted, beginning on the first day of October 1972, and ending on the last day of September 1973.
Through the first chapter of this book the focus was primarily on the notion of controlling crime. The best way to describe crime policy used in this chapter is comparing it to a game of ‘heads I win, tails you lose’. This chapter also addresses the causes for decline in America’s
UCR takes note of all crimes in the Criminal Code annually recorded by the ‘dark figure’ of policing, whereas GSS on Victimization only sources eight types of offences self-reported via phone interviews quinquennial for the past year. The loose ends of both surveys tie together to provide an accurate overall trend of crime rates in Canada. UCR and GSS on Victimization are equally important to the study of crime. They are able to compare crime rates by geographical regions, crime severity, and characteristics of victimization. Criminologists require this information obtained from the surveys to study the causes, effects, and social impact of crime and victimization, in order to determine how to predict, deter, and prohibit criminal activity. They provide a more robust measure of the extent and impact of criminal activity in Canadian society. Together they provide an accurate measurement of crime through police reports and self-reporting of broad social surveys, rather than alone since both are lacking in their own ways. As a difference in timing is a key characteristic in the differences in the polls. UCR is annually conducted, whereas GSS on Victimization is processed every five years for the forgoing 12
...Introduction to Crime and Social Control in Canada (pp. 93-110). Toronto: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston of Canada.
Dessert, James. “Criminal Timeline of Canada.” Canada's Criminal Code: A History. Online. Internet. 11 October 2003.
9. Sherman L., Gottfredson D., MacKenzie D., Eck J., Reuter P., Bushway S. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. A Report to the United States Congress. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1997.
Welsh, B., & Irving, M. (2005). Crime and punishment in Canada, 1981-1999. Crime and Justice, 33, 247-294. Retrieved from http://library.mtroyal.ca:2063/stable/3488337?&Search=yes&searchText=canada&searchText=crime&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dcrime%2Bin%2Bcanada%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=18&ttl=33894&returnArticleService=showFullText
The symbol of the Canadian judicial system is the balanced scales of justice. When a wrongful act is committed, the scales of justice are greatly misplaced and require a solution to counterbalance the crime and restore balance. Additionally, the scales represent the idea that law should be viewed objectively and the determination of innocence should be made without bias. The Canadian criminal justice system encapsulates the idea of the scale of justice, to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate the law. One of the most important aspects of this system is that an individual charged with a criminal offence is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The current system has two prevailing methods involved in the process of dealing with crime: Retributive and restorative justice. This paper will analyze aspects of retributive justice and restorative justice, with reference to their respective philosophies, for the purpose of finding which is more effective at achieving justice and maintaining balance.
There are many emerging and current issues which impact aboriginals. These issues impact all western and aboriginal people in their own way and often some much more than others. The Canadian criminal justice system has failed aboriginal people and all Canadians on an unacceptable scale. The faults in the criminal justice system has been inaccessible and insensitive, while have disproportionate numbers of imprisoned and arrested aboriginal people. First nations who are are arrested spend less time with their lawyers, are more commonly denied bail, and when convicted, run a higher risk of incarceration.
In every society around the world, the law is affecting everyone since it shapes the behavior and sense of right and wrong for every citizen in society. Laws are meant to control a society’s behavior by outlining the accepted forms of conduct. The law is designed as a neutral aspect existent to solve society’s problems, a system specially designed to provide people with peace and order. The legal system runs more efficiently when people understand the laws they are intended to follow along with their legal rights and responsibilities.
Ronald V Clarke originally developed the idea of situational crime prevention in the 1980’s (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). This particular crime prevention theory addresses techniques that increase the effort required to commit the crime, increase the risks involved with committing the crime, reducing the reward gained by the offender after committing the crime, reducing the provocation between the offender and others and remove excuses (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Majority of crime is believed to be committed because there are no high risks of being caught and the rewards outweigh the risks (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Increasing the effort by controlling access to locations and target hardening can deflect many offenders, as more effort is needed to commit the crime (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Another main technique would be to increase the risks; this may be achieved by extending guardianship, creating natural surveillance or artificial surveillance such as CCTV (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005).
Conscious efforts to critique existing approaches to questions of crime and justice, demystify concepts and issues that are laden with political and ideological baggage, situate debates about crime control within a socio-historical context, and facilitate the imagination and exploration of alternative ways of thinking and acting in relation to crime and justice. (p. 3).
Introduction Living in a safe community is a quality that most people look for when choosing a place to reside for their family. Selecting a place that has a low crime rate is desirable for multiple people. Unfortunately, for a few communities, the crime rates are much higher than others. This is where Canada and its provinces should aim at bettering, lowering the crime rates in several communities throughout Canada. Although rates of crime have been decreasing, there are still several opportunities for youth to begin a life of crime.
National Center for Victims of Crime. (2001). Primary crime prevention. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http://www.safetycops.com/crime_prevention.htm