Crabgrass and goosegrass are problematic weeds in creeping bentgrass due to their ability to proliferate in the transition zone. These weeds are able to survive low mowing heights, especially among cool-season grasses (Busey, 2003; Callahan, 1986). As herbicide resistant populations of crabgrass and goosegrass increase and as cultural control methods have proved ineffective in cool-season grasses, new herbicides will be needed to ensure future control (Busey, 2003; Callahan, 1986; Hart, 2004; Mudge, 1984). A number of herbicides have been registered for crabgrass and goosegrass control in cool-season turf (King 1990, Parker et al. 1985). Fenoxaprop and fluazifop control both crabgrass and goosegrass; however past research has shown these herbicides to cause stunting and stand reduction in seedling tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) …show more content…
cons.], perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and creeping bentgrass (Cudney et al. 1997, Dernoeden 1987, Neal et al. 1990). Herbicidal control options of smooth crabgrass and goosegrass in creeping bentgrass also include quinclorac, bensulide, fenarimol, and mesotrione. Previous research, however, has shown stunting, thinning, or foliar phytotoxicity to both mature and immature cool season turfgrasses including creeping bentgrass with varying rates and application timings of many of these herbicides as well (Busey, 2003; Cudney et al. 1997; Dernoeden, 1987; Mueller-Warrant, 1990; Neal et al. 1990; Warren et al. 1989). Currently, only bensulide and fenarimol are explicitly allowed for PRE crabgrass and goosegrass control on creeping bentgrass putting greens (Anonymous, 2009; Anonymous, 2010). Given these limited options for controlling troublesome grass weeds in creeping bentgrass, new herbicidal control options with limited creeping bentgrass injury would prove beneficial.
The book Motorcycles and Sweetgrass by Drew Hayden Taylor is considered by many that it is one of the best Native American book ever made. This novel shows how people have to adapt to modern day living while still being like their ancestors. These characters are trying to stay true to the indigenous way. John uses dancing to maintain Ojibway tradition. Maggie eats things like Italian food and she needs someone like John to help her believe in Ojibway beliefs and tradition. Wayne uses a twist on martial arts and isolating himself on an island to live like his ancestors. In the Novel Motorcycles and Sweetgrass, John, Maggie, and Wayne all try to maintain their Aboriginal roots while adapting to modern day life.
My initial observation was that simple conservation actions such as reducing the use of pesticides can achieve measurable improvements in habitat quality and environmental health. Herbicides are toxic to most mammals as well as to the beneficial insects that you want to encourage in your garden. Sometimes herbicides seep into the ground water; causing contamination of which the long term effects are not known. Herbicide application can also result in drift or movement in the soil, this endangers wanted vegetation nearby. Herbicides are used far too rampantly. Excessive use of toxic herbicides is used when not necessary and because most are not aware of the many other natural alternatives. We must find more ways to cut back on the use of chemical herbicides and change to biological weed control methods.
With the addition of Natron as a herbicide to control weeds, there are concerns that the runoff could affect the growth of other plant life. The purpose of this lab is to test the toxicity of Natron as well as the max dosage that will still allow for beans to grow in the presence of the herbicide; We hope to find out the LD50, the toxicity in comparison to Anubis, as well as the germination rate of exposed the beans. We hypothesized that increased concentration of Natron would lead to a decrease in the germination rate. Our null hypothesis formulated that there would be no correlation between exposure and germination.
CThe Californian thistle weeds control program is one of the programs that Brain was not really that happy with due to the results. The success of the program was mixed, as after the second application of Pasture Boss some of the Californian thistles still regenerated from their root systems. Even though it was a relatively small proportion that regenerated, for the cost and the time taken to carry out the process it was believed that the results were not good enough. From this, I think that the money being spent on the control of the Californian thistles is not totally being returned in increased yields and therefore it is not an a compete adequate system.
Pigati, Dernoeden, Grybauska, and Momen. 2010. "Simulated Rainfall and Mowing Impact Fungicide Performance When Targeting Dollar Spot in Creeping Bentgrass." Plant Disease 95.4: 596-603.
Newman, William and Andrew Pollack. “Farmers Cope With Roundup-Resistant Weeds”. The New York Times. The New York Times, 3 May 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2014
Whether weeds invade a lawn, farmland or grazing pastures, they can be a frustrating sight to behold. Because weeds tend to be quite adaptable and adept at surviving, they can be difficult to eradicate. Fortunately, not every weed can thrive in New Mexico and Southwest Texas; unfortunately, there are several that are extremely common.
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) and Sahara Mustard (Brassica tournefortii) are the main two species that are invading Southern California. Both of these plants were brought to the United States via jump dispersal by early settlers. They now disperse through out the west using their adhesive seeds that stick to animal fur and vehicle tires. Mustard thrives in disturbed areas where fire or other disturbance has cleared an area of its native vegetation. The mustard is part of the primary succession after the disturbance has happened. The seeds from these plants can lie dormant in the soil for up to 40 years waiting for a disturbance to allow them to germinate. Many efforts are underway to control the invasive plant, but at least 64% of it needs to be extracted each year to make head way for its eradication. From this essay I have learned how large of a problem the mustard invasion really is. I have also realized that for progress to be made with this problem, more needs to be done then is being done
Qiu, J. 2013. Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds. p. 1. Available from: doi: doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517.
There are 7.79kg/tom of N-fertilizer, 0.0kg/ton of P2O5, and 14.41 kg/ton of K2 O-fertilizer that are applied to FFB on average. This was an average from 9 months at the nursery stage and 25 years at the field stage. Glyphosate and paraquat are used as herbicides. Herbicides are applied on average about 1-3 times per year at around 1.8-3.1 hg per ha per ton for glyphosate and .6-1.2 per ha per time for paraquat for the specific study site. Seeds of oil palm are applied at 168 kg/ha (Pleanjai and Gheewala).
Monsanto should do more than manage the potential harm to plant and animal life as a result of using products such as Roundup (Ferrell, Thorne, & Ferrell, 2016). Monsanto must do more than maintain a stance that their product rarely gets in ground water. As part of their quality standard the herbicide manufacture will implement strict guidelines of testing, storing, and shipping their product. Ground samples will be routinely tested to validate contamination has not occurred. As the use of chemicals continues for a long period of time both weeds and bugs my develop immunity to the herbicide creating the need for even stronger herbicides. A herbicide is designed to kill unwanted plants; however the mixture could be so effective that it kills not only the undesired weeds, but also the kills the plants that are not the target. Safety concerns with herbicide will be handled in an
Lawn diseases, like human diseases, infect susceptible hosts. Similarly, the identification of lawn diseases is difficult at times, because they do not always display distinct characteristics tending to manifest with the same symptoms. Grasses vary in their resistance to disease; however, when environmental conditions are favorable to specific pathogens, infection occurs. Proper watering, mowing, aeration, sunlight and fertilization help to prevent or control problems by providing a disease-resistant environment.
Pesticides and herbicides are toxins that are used to kill of unwanted animals and plants. These may be collected by rainwater runoff and carried into steams, rivers, lakes, and e...
Turfgrass is any kind of grass that can form a ground cover and can be mowed at a reasonably low height (Christians, 2004).The benefits of turfgrass is to lower surface temperature, prevent soil erosion and enhance beauty and aesthetic value of a piece of land either for lawn purpose or for athletics. The main purpose of using turfgrass is to stabilize soil and to add to the aesthetic value of the landscape.(Duble, 1996). Turfgrass is used as a major component in maintaining landscapes and is widely used as ground cover in home lawns, parks. Golf courses, playing grounds and cementeries (Gould and Shaw, 1983). Benefits of turfgrasses can be classified according to their functional, recreational and aesthetic purposes Turfgrass includes many functional, recreational, and aesthetic benefits (Beard, 1994) (Beard and Green, 1994). Functional benefits of turfgrass involve prevent erosion, pollution control, groundwater recharge and protection of environment. Recreational advantages are safety, mental and physical health satisfaction, attract visitors by appealing visual venues. Aesthetic value includes mental satisfaction, enhancing beauty of landscape by complimenting with trees and shrubs. Turgeon (1996) reported that turfgrass on roadsides provide air cleaning effect by absorbing toxic fumes emitted from vehicles. Turfgrasses also reduce air pollution by reducing dust problems and noise pollution (Beard, 1973).The aesthetic function of turfgrass plays significant role related to psychological health of modern men in urban areas (Derrick, 2001). Turfgrass color is a major component related to aesthetic value of a lawn and indicates nutrient status (Beard, 1973).
Before we can change our ways, we need to consider the reasons why so many of us willingly volunteer to poison our communities each and every growing season. The reasons why we choose to spray, pour, or sift noxious chemicals on our lawns and gardens are varied and complex. Some of us have adopted a weed-free lawn as a cultural imperative. Most of the commercials advertising chemicals and chemical treatments speak of evil weeds that must be eliminated in order for a uniform lawn to be achieved. Others of us just want our roses or irises to produce spectacular blooms this summer, and, once again, we are told that pesticides are a prerequisite for this to happen. Others of us innocently assume that our government or neighborhood stores wouldn't allow the sale of chemicals that might be harmful to us when they are used in recommended ways. And, others, most peculiarly, seem to enjoy filling up their garages with "c...