CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Most large cities in the world suffer from chronic environmental problems caused by waste materials . Because of these problems , the issue of construction waste reduction has become increasingly serious . In Malaysia , this issue has been a concern of the public and local communities to have an impact on the environment resulting from construction waste that is not systematic . ( Begum , 2006) . According to Faizul (2006), the urban and rural development in Malaysia, rising construction waste increased from time to time. This problem should have a solution that is specific to the collection of waste building materials.
A study from Mohd Nasir et al., (1998) reported the central and southern Malaysia produces industrial waste and construction of 28 per of municipal solid waste. Building materials are available at relatively low cost required as reuse, recycling practices and waste minimization are limited in the construction sector and natural resources. For the Authorities, waste management and illegal dumping is an issue and there is no mandatory requirement for construction companies to adopt sustainable resource. (Begun et al 2009).
Malaysia Productivity Corporation , ( 2009 ) reported that in 2009, productivity growth in the construction sector in Malaysia is 5 per cent. Through the growth of this figure shows the development in Malaysia to be an important role in contributing to the Government's commitment to sustainable development. As a result, it supports predictions that construction waste generation rates will continue rising, putting increasing pressure on the already overstretched waste management infrastructure of the country.
2.2 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
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...or example, waste due to concrete slab thickness larger than specified by the structural design.
Ohno(1988) divides the movement operations of workers into waste and work. Waste is the movement that does not add value and is not needed. It is often called unproductive time. Work includes both non-value-adding and value-adding work. This definition assumes that some non-value-adding work is necessary in production systems, due to current working conditions. For example, walking to another location to remove parts, removing wrappers from parts, and so on. Womack and Jones(1996) describe waste as any human activity that absorbs resources but creates no value, such as mistakes that require rectification, production of items no one wants, process steps that are not needed, unnecessary movement of employees, and people waiting for the conclusion of upstream activities.
Research conducted by Lillianna Guerrero et al. at the Built Department at Eindhoven University of Technology in Den Dolech showing the challenges of waste management challenges for cities in developing countries that waste management comes at a high cost that most countries don’t have the money to set aside for in the annual budget (1). They found that even when the money is set aside, failure to follow guidelines hurts the budget even more. This is important because they must figure out how to make sure guidelines are followed so they can make planned budget costs. Budgeting for a smaller country with no money can be tough especially when there is another factor in their country that needs as much resources as it can get, such as food and water supply for their countries people. Worsening the problem can be avoided if they inform their people on how to properly dispose of their waste and recycle item that could be used in place of another object that will potentially end up as harmful waste. According to Guerrero’s research the outcomes are a comprehensive list of stakeholders that are relevant in the waste management systems and a set of factors that reveal the most important causes for the systems’ failure. For example, failure to educated the public causes incorrect disposal techniques to
CHAPTER-2 Solid Waste Solid waste, are the things you throw away, whether it may be solid or liquid, it’s still considered as solid waste. What is a solid waste? Solid waste is the trash you’ve been making your whole life and as I’ve said before all the things you throw are considered solid waste, here are some examples of solid waste. Waste tires, septage management, scrap metal, latex paint, furniture and toys, garbage appliances, and vehicles oil and anti-freeze empty aerosol cans. Solid waste can also clog canals that are used for lessening the amount of water when it rains, it can also damage our ozone layer as you know the thinner it gets the lesser oxygen is left.
The Waste Land is concerned with the 'disillusionment of a generation'. The poem was written in the early 1920's, a time of abject poverty, heightening unemployment and much devastation unresolved from the end of WW1 in 1918. Despite this, or because of it, people made a conscientious effort to enjoy themselves. In doing so they lost their direction, their beliefs and their individuality. They were victims of the class system which maintained a system of privilege, snobbery and distrust. Advances in machinery brought new products onto the market, like cars, but the people were so disillusioned with the social turmoil caused by four years of war, that even the glamour of new possessions could not fill the spiritual and emotional void left by the war. The consciousness of a nation had been battered into submission by the horrors of the first world war that people now were living a shell of what was once life. People went through the motions of life but there was no feeling just a mechanical existence. This kind of surface existence, the inability to see beyond the obvious, is portrayed throughout the Wasteland. The Wasteland is a soulless picture of a world deprived of fertility. Everything has become sterile in this barren landscape, people have nowhere left to look but to the outer shell because the inside is emotionally dead. As a result, the characters of The Wasteland are superficial in every sense of the word. Some are obsessed with appearance. Others are so far detached from the things that make life more than just breathing and looking good, that they perpetuate the destructive cycle that is slowly killing them and their world. They exist without hope, faith and spiritual enlightenme...
The meaning of “waste” refers to useless, unused, unwanted, or discarded materials. Waste is a by-product that only differs from useful production by its lack of value. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is all the waste generated from the residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal services. There are many different categories of the waste such as; Domestic/residential solid waste, Commercial and institutional solid waste, Municipal solid waste, Industrial solid waste, Agricultural residues
She notes that the waste volume decreased significantly even while both population and gross domestic product increased after the scheme implemented. Her example of Taiwan can demonstrate “reduction at source” is the root solution to solve the waste problem. With the purpose of settling the waste problem, the Hong Kong government seems to be seeking solutions actively. The government, however, is neglecting the key element of the problem. It is noticed that either setting up the incinerator or expanding the landfill area are only methods tackling the problem at the surface, but not the root. Although the government claims that she has “learnt from the experiences of other metropolises in the region at a similar stage of economic development,” (Green Hong Kong February 2011. 1) which are Taiwan, Japan and Singapore, it is actually misleading the general public. The above-named countries are not using incinerators as their “only” treatment, nor even a “main option” of waste management, it is observed that there are lots of policy to coordinate with. They are using, instead, “Producer Responsibility Scheme.” By a close coordination of the
What did Ohno mean by the elimination of waste? As a general term waste refers to time, resources, and material. Over production wastes resources, a worker who spent time idle, waiting on the next item wastes time, and wastes associated with keeping stocks were identified as areas of waste to be eliminated. The concepts consisted of Just In Time meaning that the production system moves items only when and, as they are needed. Autonomation the automating of production systems for inspection sped up this process of eliminating waste by automatically detecting defects.
Recycling. What does this word mean to you? Do you recycle? Do you support or oppose the act of it? What is written in the following paragraphs may or may not help you make this one special planet in our solar system we call Earth; the only planet scientists know supports life. Recycling benefits many aspects of life. Recycling benefits the aesthetics of our daily environment, it makes our family and friends safer from sickness, it boosts our economy, and it allows us to make more use of the limited natural nonrenewable resources we have on our earth. Recycling will benefit life by reducing our environmental impact, preventing injury, boosting the economy, and extending the use we can make can make out of our resources.
The basic method used in The Waste Land may be described as the application of the principle of complexity. T S Eliot uses a parallel structure on the surface to develop an ironic contrast, and then uses surface contrasts in a parallel form. To the reader, this gives the effect of chaotic experience ordered into a new whole, though the realistic surface of experience is faithfully retained.
The concept of minimizing waste impacts in terms of quantity or ill-effects, by reducing quantity of wastes, reusing the waste products with simple treatments and recycling the wastes by using it as resources to produce same or modified products is usually referred to as “3R” (Shimizu, 2006). Purchasing and using resources with care can reduce the pace of consumption of resources and further connected energy and resources. Ultimately reducing wastes in multifold streams. When long lasting goods are reused time and again, it offsets harvesting of new similar or same products. This saves fresh resources exploitation and waste generation quantity. Some waste products can be consumed as resources for production of different goods or the same product, meaning recycling the same resource. This too saves fresh resources and offsets waste generation. All in all, the 3Rs individually or collectively saves fresh resources exploitation, add value to the already exploited resources and very importantly minimizes the waste quantity and its ill effects. Waste minimization efficiency is stated to be better achieved applying 3Rs in a hierarchical order; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (Shimizu, 2006).
Solid waste can be classified in different types, depending on their source, household waste is generally classified as municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste or hospital waste as infections waste. It quite obvious that South Africa environment is deteriorated by the illegal dumping area that around here. Solid waste is a major problem this country is facing at the moment. The province that is experience this major problem is Gauteng province, this an urban area am taking about, and since it’s clear that over population is the cause of the problem. Gauteng province is an over populated than rural area .solid waste pollution is refuse or garbage that people use in their everyday life in their house, such as plastic
Elimination of waste in business practices is an important part of Kaizen. Waste is any activity which raises costs without adding value to a product. Waste could be time wasted while staff waits before starting their tasks; time wasted when workers move unnecessarily in the workplace; the irregular use of a machine.
Recycling is of great importance, and its importance is economic and environmental. It preserves natural resources, reduces depletion, reduces the amount of waste, reduces its growth, conserves the environment, cleanses it of some harmful waste, reduces unemployment and creates opportunities. New work.
Policy is needed to regulate which course of action should be taken and how it should be implemented. Because of this, many plans and policies revolving around the management of solid waste have been put in place. Sometimes however, a particular policy can have its shortfalls, potentially resulting in its negative aspects outweighing the positive ones. According to the Conference Board of Canada Report, “Canadians dispose of more municipal solid waste per capita than any other country” (2013). Solid waste management in particular, involves many aspects, ranging from packaging waste, food waste, etc. (White & Franke 1999), hence, the following analysis revolves around household and commercial waste – referred to as Municipal Solid Waste (White & Franke. 1999) – in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. Municipal waste is a major health and environmental concern as it contributes to numerous problems like habitat destruction, surface groundwater pollution, and other forms of air, soil, and water contamination. Waste disposal methods like incineration create toxic substances, and landfills emit methane, which contributes to global warming. According to the Zero Waste Objective Report, “The impact of climate change and the increasing awareness of the role of “waste” and “wasting” in the production of greenhouse gas emissions is a constant environmental pressure… (2009). This leads to an increasing limitation of government to prevent and control the volume and toxicity of products in the waste stream and a growing need to shift responsibility to the product manufacturer.
The average resident produces seven and a half pounds of garbage every day that is buried down in landfills and litters lands costing a great amount of money. Nowadays, people face no more critical trouble than the need to save the weakening environment, mainly in urban areas, where solid wastes are uselessly dumped. It has been observed that cities have no controlled structure for garbage disposal. Each year, millions of dollars are spent picking up litter and more is thrown away in valuable materials that could be recycled. As humanity develops new technology and equipment, the level of waste increases every day. Due to the fact that there is a huge problem with garbage disposal, government representatives must contribute to resolving this issue.
Wastes are the products of our consumptions in our daily life routines such as lunch, work, school and other things we do. Little things such as throwing out a piece of paper, we are producing waste by the seconds. After we consume a product we usually throw out what’s left that can’t be consumed any further. Results in producing waste, substance that are born after it’s been use or consume by us. At the end of each day we throw out a bag full of garbage, all of the materials in that bag (paper towels, cans, leftover foods and many other material’s) all of these are waste. Hospitals produce medical waste such as use needles for treating patients. Corporations produce papers, plastics, tires, steels, cans and many other type of solid waste which contribute to the pollutions that cause health risk and other environmental issues.