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Consequentialist ethics and non consequentialist ethics
Consequentialist ethical theories
Consequentialist ethical theories
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The presidential debates of 2016 will be remembered years to come. These debates were not like any we have seen before, and possibly never again. Consequentialism vs ethics correlates directly with the fact that all politians lie to some degree; we just must use our personal ethics and subjective knowledge to determine which lies we can live with and what is best for our country. Second chances play an enormous role in this campaign, especially when we are talking about illegal immigrants and Trumps wall. Trump came up with some original arguments and Clinton piggy backed off him, although they disagreed about almost everything. Kenneth E. Boulding said “Each of us possesses a store of subjective knowledge about the world, a collection of ideas we believe to be true” (Political Communication), this is what shapes our ethics, morals, and integrity, and it is unique to each individual grounded by their culture, religion, race, gender, upbringing, and anything else that has shaped them into the person that they are today. …show more content…
The slides says thinking fast “automatic, intuitive, and largely unconscious mode of thinking and uses association and metaphor to produce quick drafts/interpretations of reality” and thinking slow provides a more analytical and conscience effort. Kahneman states that “System 1’s associative memory and judgment generating processes will always try to make some sense of the information that is at hand rather than considering what other information might be worth gathering to make better sense of it. Kahneman argues that this results in an unfortunate tendency to substitute the question that is really being faced with a different one that is consistent with the available information (Peter,
“Pi Ying said that this fight against death was no different, philosophically, from what all of them...had known in battle. In a cold way, it was true--no different, philosophically” (Vonnegut 91). Pi Ying has proposed a chess game that would risk the lives of all of those involved in it. The King makes every move, each could hold hidden dangers that only the King can see. The emotional weight of that decision is a burden that a civilian cannot understand until they are exposed to that process. In “All the King’s Horses” by Kurt Vonnegut, Colonel Kelly and 15 others are trapped in a pseudo-chess game with a powerful Asian warlord, Pi Ying. He requests for the game to be played with the prisoners of war as chess pieces. The idea contrasts with expendability as Colonel Kelly is able to justify sacrificing his son for the greater good of the game by forcing himself to deny his own humanity. He must become machine-like in order to make these mechanical, logical decisions. However, the women involved in the game have violent emotional reactions to this incident because the human cost of war is not truly understood unless it is personal. Pi Ying has attended this game with a woman who, when told of the events about to occur, stabs him and then herself. That action is quickly forgotten when Major Barzov takes over the game, but he cannot take the same risk of killing American citizens. Since he cannot kill anyone, when he loses the game, he allows the remaining prisoners to escape. The idea of a woman’s role in politics and her power in that society as weaker than a man’s is clear in this circumstance. Colonel Kelly is seen as the foremost authority on any decision making as the man. His risks are allowed and celebrated finally. Pi Ying’...
After this thorough analysis of broadcasts from both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party televised during the 2008 presidential election campaign, we can identify the most popular types of argumentative informal fallacies and how they can serve to appeal or attack the ethos, pathos and logos of an argument or the arguer himself or herself. It is important for the American electorate to be able to recognize them and dismiss them promptly, to abstain from making a decision as important as selecting the new president of the United States based on false or illogical arguments. Unfortunately, political parties and interest groups will continue to take advantage of these fallacies, it is up to the public to think critically in order to avoid being wrongly influenced or misguided by them. Works Cited BarackObamadotcom. James Taylor for Obama.
In 2005, the American Counseling Association (ACA) published a document titled the ACA Code of Ethics which was designed to aid counselors in the ethical decision making process and, in response, “expand the capacity of people to grow and develop” (p. 3). The ACA Code of Ethics provides regulatory guidelines for all counselors to follow in ethical decision-making and practice. Of a more specific nature, the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) has also published a document stating the ethical practices and procedures for the Christian counseling field. The two documents contain many similarities, but, due to differing goals and principals, also containing may differences. This paper compares these two documents and more specifically focuses on the similarities and differences in the areas of confidentiality, fees, and records.
In his book, “Thinking, Fast and Slow,” Daniel Kahneman defines two “systems” of thought, which he terms System 1 and System 2. Though he defines the two systems in great detail, in essence, the human mind thinks with either “slow thinking” or “fast thinking.” System 1 is the “fast thinking” system. It is automatic and unconscious. It’s based on human instinct and learns by association. System 2, on the other hand, is the “slow thinking” system. It’s the system that we can control, the system that we use when we concentrate hard a...
In general, the term utilitarianism can be defined as the ethical or right action is the one that results in the greatest good for the greatest number. Therefore, some people suggest that rightness or wrongness is determine by numbers that are total the positives and the negatives outcome of an action or the one that produces the highest score of positives or negatives that is the most ethical, or right, thing to do (Neher, W. W. Sandin, P.J., 2007, p. 61).
Review of “Situationism and Virtue Ethics on the Content of Our Character” by Rachana Kamtekatar
I have always thought of my character as being fairly ethical. I was raised with good moral values, and I always treated others with the respect and value that I would want to be treated with. I am a firm believer in karma, you get back what you put out! When reading the book Ethics: Approaching Moral Decisions by Arthur R. Holmes, it brought up some thoughts that have never occurred to me. Why do I make the decisions I make? What am I basing my decisions on? What impact do my beliefs have on the decisions I make? Holmes covers a wide range of answers to these questions. Our decisions are made with several different factors, including cultural relativism, ethical egoism, moral knowledge and virtue ethics just to name a few. The ethical
Kahneman’s theory’s breaks down human thought into two systems. Our thought processes that are deliberate, rational and analytical are System 2. This type of thought is one that takes effort and time yet can yield a more accurate picture of a situation. The opposite system, System 1, is fast, quick to judge, superficial and automatic. It relies on instinct and first impression of a situation to make judgments. Kahneman explains the balance between the two systems as the equilibrium of one’s conscious and unconscious thoughts. While System 1 offers quick, apparent information about a situation, System 2 works to put the information in the correct context and fix any errors (44). Kahneman explains that the two modes are not always at work together and at times we rely on one system more in certain situations. For example, highway driving may only require System 1 as very little mental inp...
The word “Ethics” has its root in the Greek word ‘ethos’, which means character, spirit and attitude of a group of people or culture. Ethics is defined in the Concise Oxford Dictionary as: a system of moral principles, by which human actions may be judged good or bad or right or wrong, and the rules of conduct recognized in respect of a particular class of human actions.
Some of the deficiencies in the way cultural relativism addresses moral problems, according to Holmes; are that they remain impractical, they are subject to change depending on where you live, and that people tolerate the different cultures. As a professional business person, I agree with Holmes analysis. Allowing others perceptions or beliefs to get away with our own personal beliefs would be contradicting ourselves. It is important to stand up for our beliefs, and help educate others on ethical issues. Over time we can make a difference in the world by modeling moral beliefs and ethics.
One can define being ethically moral by understanding the difference between what is right and what is wrong. It is what shapes an individual’s behavior, their beliefs, and the rules that they follow through. However, not everyone shares the same view of morality. In modern times, ethics is constantly tested, in situations such as robotics, 3D- printing, and in particular surveillance (NSA). Many people argue that surveillance is needed especially so that if anything were to happen, people would be able to be prepared and to deal with the situation accordingly. However, several other people believe it is against our human rights and that we have the right to privacy, which is what Edward Snowden, a previous CIA technical assistant, strongly
Whether put simply or scrutinized, morality cannot be defined simply by looking at it from one or two perspectives. One must acknowledge the fact that there are several different factors that affect judgment between “right” and “wrong”. Only after taking into account everything that could possibly change the definition of righteousness can one begin to define morality. Harriet Baber, a professor at San Diego State University, defines morality as “the system through which we determine right and wrong conduct”. Baber refers to morality as a process or method when she calls it a “system”. In saying “we” she then means to say that this concept does not only apply to her but also to everyone else. Through morality, according to her, one can look at an action, idea, or situation and determine its righteousness and its consequences.
Consequentialism is an ethical theory that evaluates the consequences of a person’s action to determine if their actions are right or wrong (Slote 34). According to the theory, a morally right act is one that has more good outcomes than bad ones. In this ethical theory, the end justifies the means; hence, it argues that people should first determine the good and bad consequences of actions before they do them. After determining the total outcomes, it is important to investigate whether the total good consequences are more. If the good ones outweigh the bad ones, then that action is morally right, but if it is the reverse, then the action is morally wrong.
Ethical theories are a way of finding solutions to ethical dilemmas using moral reasoning or moral character. The overall classification of ethical theories involves finding a resolution to ethical problems that are not necessarily answered by laws or principles already in place but that achieve justice and allow for individual rights. There are many different ethical theories and each takes a different approach as to the process in which they find a resolution. Ethical actions are those that increase prosperity, but ethics in business is not only focused on actions, it can also involve consequences of actions and a person’s own moral character.
The theories and ideals shared among consequentialists are by no means to be scrapped; philosophical theories are theories, not prescriptions. While they do all make an attempt to describe a solution to various moral conundrums, one can not forget that validity is shared among theories. Holes may seem larger in certain standards and ideals, but these holes are never refutable and should be used to create a larger discourse between philosophical theories. Consequentialism and all it’s sub-groups (direct, universal, hedonism, aggregative, evaluative, maximizing, etc.) are based around two dominant principles: For an act to be in the right or wrong one must look solely to the results of the act, and subsequently second, the more net-good produced