I. Introduction
You are a computer administrator for a large manufacturing company. In
the middle of a production run, all the mainframes on a crucial network grind to
a halt. Production is delayed costing your company millions of dollars. Upon
investigating, you find that a virus was released into the network through a
specific account. When you confront the owner of the account, he claims he
neither wrote nor released the virus, but he admits that he has distributed his
password to "friends" who need ready access to his data files. Is he liable for
the loss suffered by your company? In whole or in part? And if in part, for how
much? These and related questions are the subject of computer law. The answers
may very depending in which state the crime was committed and the judge who
presides at the trial. Computer security law is new field, and the legal
establishment has yet to reach broad agreement on may key issues.
Advances in computer security law have been impeded by the reluctance on
the part of lawyers and judges to grapple with the technical side of computer
security issues[1]. This problem could be mitigated by involving technical
computer security professional in the development of computer security law and
public policy. This paper is meant to help bridge to gap between technical and
legal computer security communities.
II. THE TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
A. The Objectives of Computer Security
The principal objective of computer security is to protect and assure
the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of automated information
systems and the data they contain. Each of these terms has a precise meaning
which is grounded in basic technical ideas about the flow of information in
automated information systems.
B. Basic Concepts
There is a broad, top-level consensus regarding the meaning of most
technical computer security concepts. This is partly because of government
involvement in proposing, coordinating, and publishing the definitions of basic
terms[2]. The meanings of the terms used in government directives and
regulations are generally made to be consistent with past usage. This is not to
say that there is no disagreement over the definitions in the technical
community. Rather, the range of such disagreement is much narrower than in the
legal community. For example there is presently no legal consensus on exactly
what constitutes a computer[3].
The term used to establish the scope of computer security is "automated
information system," often abbreviated "AIS." An Ais is an assembly of
electronic equipment, hardware, software, and firmware configured to collect,
create, communicate, disseminate, process, store and control data or information.
This includes numerous items beyond the central processing unit and associated
Computer misuse Act It is an act of the parliament of the UK redacted in 1990 as a measure to cope to the new technological threats. Old traditional forms of crime such as harassment and fraud offences are being committed electronically via computers or internet nowadays. Lately are appearing new forms of e-crime using new technologies such as Denial of Service ( DOS ) attack and phishing by offenders with good technical knowledge in IT.Thus laws in our society needs to be updated to deal to the new forms of crime. Computer misuse Act has been enacted after some cyber attacks, for instance the hacking attack against British Telecom commited by Robert Schifreen and Stephen Gold, between 1984 and 1985, using conventional devices such as a
Australia is dependent on technology, everything from state security, economics and information collaboration is more accessible resulting in an increased reliance on digital networks. The rapid increase in cyber activity has a symbiotic relationship with cyber crime. The evolving nature of cyber crimes are constantly leaving counter measures obsolete in the face of these new technologies. Australia takes insufficient action against cyber crime, inaction is based on Australia’s previous focus on counter-terrorism. This study will use the Australia’s National Security Strategy 2013 to show the increasing trend towards cyber security. Unfortunately the Australia Government is lacking in the presence of this growing phenomenon. Recently cyber crimes including attacks from Anonymous and Wiki-leaks prove that no network is completely secure. This study will conclude that the exponential growth of the Internet has resulted in an inability to properly manage regardless of the governmental strategies being implemented.
Americans pride themselves on living private lives. They appreciate the fact that they live without being under the watchful eye of someone. However, increased electronic technology has made it harder to live privately. There are privacy issues regarding Internet Service Providers (ISP), electronic correspondences, and telephone calls. More directly with the creation and increased popularity of the Internet, people who use the World Wide Web are undoubtedly concerned with their private information being leaked. The technology allows people to track your Internet activities, steal your credit card information and “hack” into your e-mail accounts. With this increase in technology comes an increase in the level of concern.
Losses (from the sale of long-term assets below the original price paid by the company.)
Recognizing the increasing use of computers by federal agencies, and the vulnerability of computer-stored information including personal information being used with unauthorized access, the Computer Security Act was enacted in 1987. Seeing to the immediate issue prior to the sensitive security, The Act provided for improving the security and privacy of information in federal computer systems”. Several agencies were held responsible for many overlapping computer security which inspire a legislative response through The Act (It Law). It was an immediate concern to decide how best to control information in computerized or networked form, and whether further response should be necessary.
For many industries relying solely on NIST framework is not enough. The framework is not meant to replace their existing processes of handling cyber threats, however, by using the framework as a base, they can find the gaps in the most important infrastructure and figure out a way to harden and improve its security. For example, the energy industry is one of the most important industries and it has critical role in keeping the country safe. Therefore, most of the cyber-attacks are targeting it. In order to keep it safe, many agencies are involved in improving the best practices and standards for the industry, and hardening its critical infrastructure.
"I don't really like these internet regulations because they want to cut off a lot of websites that many people like. In some ways I do get why there putting on internet regulations on. There is a lot of bad stuff on the internet like people doing bad stuff. Like this is a example of youtube, they had terrorist videos and people dying and they were putting ads and sponsored on the bad videos. So the ads and the sponsors don't go on youtube and the sponsors give money to youtube for there ads being on youtube and so they deleted their contract with youtube and so they don't get paid anymore.
Many of us use the internet on a daily basis and the expectation of using the internet is that our research and information is private. The reasons why we have expectations of privacy are due to the rules, laws and regulations set forth in the past by cases involving the use of the internet. The case of Smyth v. Pillsbury Co., 914 F.Supp 97 is a prime example of internet use at work and the privacy expectations. The Communications Decency Act of 1996 criminalizes sending or displaying offensive messages on the internet less than 18 years of age. The Economic Espionage Act criminalizes the theft of confidential business information.
Security is crucial to any flourishing society such as the one in which we Americans live today. Imagine if there was no law enforcement in New York City. No one except criminals would dare to walk down the streets. People would live in fear every day. No one would work and no one could enjoy nature and the outdoors. We would all barricade ourselves indoors, only daring to venture outside into the dangerous world when we absolutely needed to. Everything would be different.
Hacker only has 50 years history, computer hacker crime is one of the mots dangerous crime threat at 21th century. Hacktivism is a new class of hacker has emerged, “the so-called hacktivist, who engages in hacking of computer networks and systems as a form of protest”(Hargrave,2012). Hacker crimes have use computer programming skill to make errors on your computer that control your computer to get information and change your computer system. Since in 1970s, computer hackers are called “phreaks”, which mean by phone hacker. Computer hacker is becoming form phone hacker. In the early 1970, Computer hacker is positive to the society, many of computer programmers were “began looking for ways to get the most out of the machines. “(Deivtt,2001) And then, they are created applications called hacks, which are “applications and allow more tasks to be completed in a shorter time.” (Deivtt,2001).In the early 1980.Hackers using computers and the internet for their own questionable gains. The first computer hacker crime is in the 1983.” six teenagers from
either by omission or intentionally. The scope of the Act encompasses scenarios that can arise in cybercrimes. , In spite of the enhanced Fraud Act 2006,
I came across an article in the internet that gave a story of a computer crime. The heading of the article is Sands: Bethlehem, Pa. casino targeted hacking attack. This was a story about a Casino in Las Vegas in a casino called Casino giant Las Vegas Sands Corp. the management of the casino reported on 19th February, 2014 of people who hacked in to their website and internal systems. The management reported that the hackers crushed their email system and stole their employees’ social security numbers. Upon investigation, a video surfaced online which showed that the catalog information that was stolen was even deeper then the management had stated. It was confirmed that the hackers had managed to gain access to one of the main important drivers in the Casino. The problem with this case was that the person who posted the video on YouTube could not be traced. The aim was not known since the hackers had not said anything yet. The casino is the largest in the world in terms of revenue. This did not stop the operations of the Casino becau...
Recently, the Internet has become the most significant technology in all over the world, which is not only used by the people to contact with each other but also utilized by the business organizations to become global (Taylor, Caeti, Loper, Fritsch & Liederbach, 2006). Computer and internet enable the business organizations to execute the Electronic commerce business model, which has become very popular. Computers and Internet are a powerful source in the success of globalization and international business. Computers are being used worldwide and due to this, cyber crimes are increasing continuously with a rapid growth (Cheeseman, 2006).
Duquenoy, P., Jones, S., & Blundell, B. (2008). Ethical, legal and professional issues in computing. London: Thomson.
Hardware, software and the data that resides in and among computer systems must be protected against security threats that exploit vulnerabilities. Organizations must therefore impose appropriate controls to monitor for, deter and prevent security breaches. Three areas have been considered, in a typical sense, as the basic critical security requirements for data protection: confidentiality is used to assure privacy; principles of integrity assure systems are changed in accordance with authorized practices; and, availability is applied to maintain proper system functions to sustain service delivery (Dhillon, 2007, p. 19).