Comparing the enthalpy changes of combustion of different alcohols
What are alcohols?
==================
Alcohol is the common family name for the hydrocarbon group alkanols.
At least one of the hydrogen groups is replaced by an OH group. They are all organic compounds.
The general formulas for the alcohols are:
CnH(2n+1)OH
Where n represents a number.
The first and simplest member of the alkanols family is methanol.
Its molecular formula is CH3OH.
You can now see that each member of the alcohol family has a different number of carbons in its structure. They increase by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms each time.
The question that this piece of coursework is going to answer is
“Is there a relationship between the number of carbon atoms in a chain and the enthalpy change of combustion?”
Aim
===
The aim of this experiment is to prove that the longer the hydrocarbon chain the higher the amount of energy transferred to the water, therefore fewer moles of fuel will be used to achieve a temperature rise of 15°C.
The enthalpy change of combustion is the amount of energy transferred when one mole of a substance burns completely in oxygen (always ´ve).
To work out the enthalpy change of combustion of the alcohols the energy output must be measured. The easiest way to do this accurately is to use the thermal energy of combustion to raise the temperature of a substance with a known specific heat capacity, (the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1g of a liquid by 1°C).We will be using water.
Prediction
==========
I predict that the longer the hydrocarbon chain the more energy will be transferred to the water, therefore fewer moles of fuel will be used to achieve the same temperature rise.
So as the number of carbon atoms increases the enthalpy of combustion will become more negative.
Alcohols to be used to compare
==============================
- Methanol = CH3OH
- Pentan-1-ol = C5H11OH
- Propan-1-ol = C3H7OH
- Propan-2-ol = C3H7OH
- Butan-1-ol = C4H9OH
- Butan-2-ol = C4H9OH
I have chosen these alcohols because I will have a chain containing 1 carbon atom, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms and 5 carbon atoms. I have also decided to use structural isomers of two of these, Propanol and
Butanol. (Propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol and Butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol).
This will allow me to compare the enthalpy of combustion of increasing chain length and the structural isomers of some of these alcohols.
GRAPH
Equipment required.
- Small copper can to act as a calorimeter
William H. Pierson, Jr., American Buildings and Their Architects: Technology and the Picturesque, (Doubleday & Company, Inc.), 167.
Does changing the length of the carbon chain effect the heat of combustion of water when heated for 2 minutes?
one gram of water by 1ºC. I chose to use water because it is safe,
water has risen to 60°c I will then put the lid on the spirit burner
...ise architecture at the time is undoubtedly one of his greatest achievements. Louis Sullivan gave light to the phrase, ‘form follows function,’ however, one could argue this to be hypocritical coming from the man who focused to heavily on ornamentation. Through in depth research, this discussion successfully concludes that, as Sullivan himself stated, a building that bears no decoration could be a magnificent building. Then again, in terms of the Wainwright building, when the ornamentation and construction turn into one, the building is likewise magnificent.
the same will be the height of the tin can above the wick. I will keep
Investigating Factors Affecting the Heat of Combustion of Alcohols PLANNING SECTION Introduction ------------ Alcohols are organic substances, and consist of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. All alcohols are toxic but the amount that can be tolerated by the human body varies for different alcohols. For example drinking small amounts of Methanol can lead to blindness and even death.
This is expressed as Δ +ve (delta positive). If the total energy put in is less than the energy created, then the substance warms up (it is exothermic). This is expressed as Δ -ve (delta negative). I will investigate eight different alcohols using an alcohol or spirit burner, to measure the energy change during burning by measuring the change in temperature of some water held in a container.
... me that the eventual outcome of American architecture will be the emanation of what is going on inside of us at present, the character and quality of our thoughts and our observations and above all, our reflections.” Many architects practicing modernism in the development of American architecture however, fell victim to what Sullivan was calling for, in that architects should look within themselves as a source of truth. Many failed to understand that Sullivan insisted that this should not be a means of subjective and emotional human being state but rather a reserved and intuitive approach to design. In his discussion Sullivan comes close to acknowledging that style, as he has defined the term, has a highly subjective origin in which he describes as “the universal language of the soul.”
... Harry Potter was the first idea that she actually wanted to follow through with it. Rowling loosely based Hermione as herself at the age of eleven. The two most important influences to Rowling’s writings were her mother’s death and the absence of a meaningful relationship with her father.
of their buildings. One of the basic questions that this paper will be seeking to answer is whether architects and critics accepted ...
In the case of Sophocles, he voiced his concerns about the governmental change to a democracy through the polis and their control over funeral practices through the play Antigone. During the time of Sophocles, the government was moving away from an oligarchy towards a democracy with the polis as the ruling power. The play also dealt with the debate during the time over whether or not citizens should be allowed to continue extreme mourning that the polis found to be excessive. This interfered with natural law because anyone who was not properly mourned was thought to be denied entrance into the underworld. During the medieval time period, morality plays were used to teach the masses the importance of good morals. One such morality play was Everyman which showed that the only thing that goes with someone to death is their good deeds and that it is a waste to place value on anything else above good deeds. Shakespeare’s Othello also featured a moral by warning of the dangers of