Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma, usually infections in origin. Pneumonia causes your lungs by filing extra mucus and become inflamed. Which could decrease the lungs ability then normal lungs to take in air (Eagan pg. 506). Pneumonia is separated in three different classes and they are Community acquired Pneumonia which is also known as (CAP), Nosocomial pneumonia or Healthcare associated pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia, which is also known as (HCAP) and ventilator Associated pneumonia. Pneumonia is one of the most common infection requiring hospitalization. Pneumonia causes the bronchioles and the alveoli to fill with excess mucus and become inflamed.
Commonly acquired Pneumonia is usually got outside the
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There are 120 million episode of pneumonia per year in children under 5, over 10% of which (14 million) progress to severe episodes. There were an estimated 935,000 deaths from pneumonia in children age of 5 in 2013. Pneumonia still causes around two million deaths among children annually (20% of child deaths). In any interventions that would affect pneumonia mortality is of great public health importance. Aspiration pneumonia is associated with a higher in hospital mortality rate than community-acquired pneumonia in patients. Risk of death in pneumonia is increased in Male patients, hypotension, tachypnea, diabetes, cancer, neurologic disease bacteremia leukopenia multiple lobe involvement (Notes CHAP 22). In patients that are diagnosed with pneumonia and who have spent on average of 5.2 days in the hospital. In 2013, it causes 2,596,993 deaths, it accounted 821.5 deaths per 100,000 populations, the average life expectancy was 78.8 years, and infant mortality rate was 5.96 deaths per 1,000 new births. For example, Streptococcus pneumonia causes 1,200,000 drug resistant infections per year, 19,000 excess hospitalizations, 7,000 deaths and $96,000,000 in excess medical costs per year
Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are preventable and pose a threat to hospitals and patients; increasing the cost, nominally and physically, for both. Pneumonia makes up approximately 15% of all HAI and is the leading cause of nosocomial deaths. Pneumonia is most frequently caused by bacterial microorganisms reaching the lungs by way of aspiration, inhalation or the hematogenous spread of a primary infection. There are two categories of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP); Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) and Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a very common hospital acquired infection, especially in pediatric intensive care units, ranking as the second most common (Foglia, Meier, & Elward, 2007). It is defined as pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after mechanical ventilation begins. A VAP is diagnosed when new or increase infiltrate shows on chest radiograph and two or more of the following, a fever of >38.3C, leukocytosis of >12x10 9 /mL, and purulent tracheobronchial secretions (Koenig & Truwit, 2006). VAP occurs when the lower respiratory tract that is sterile is introduced microorganisms are introduced to the lower respiratory tract and parenchyma of the lung by aspiration of secretions, migration of aerodigestive tract, or by contaminated equipment or medications (Amanullah & Posner, 2013). VAP occurs in approximately 22.7% of patients who are receiving mechanical ventilation in PICUs (Tablan, Anderson, Besser, Bridges, & Hajjeh, 2004). The outcomes of VAP are not beneficial for the patient or healthcare organization. VAP adds to increase healthcare cost per episode of between $30,000 and $40,000 (Foglia et al., 2007) (Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). This infection is also associated with increase length of stay, morbidity and high crude mortality rates of 20-50% (Foglia et al., 2007)(Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). Currently, the PICU has implemented all of the parts of the VARI bundle except the daily discussion of readiness to extubate. The VARI bundle currently includes, head of the bed greater then or equal to 30 degrees, use oral antiseptic (chlorhexidine) each morning, mouth care every 2 hours, etc. In the PICU at children’s, the rates for VAP have decreased since the implementation of safety ro...
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains to be a common and potentially serious complication of ventilator care often confronted within an intensive care unit (ICU). Ventilated and intubated patients present ICU physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists with the unique challenge to integrate evidence-informed practices surrounding the delivery of high quality care that will decrease its occurrence and frequency. Mechanical intubation negates effective cough reflexes and hampers mucociliary clearance of secretions, which cause leakage and microaspiration of virulent bacteria into the lungs. VAP is the most frequent cause of nosocomial infections and occurs within 48 hours of intubation. VAP is a major health care burden with its increased morbidity, mortality, longer ventilator days and hospital stay, and escalating health care cost.
..., as chronic P. aeruginosa infections that were once prevalent in CF children, no longer infect most CF patients during childhood.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
Craven , D., & Hjalmarson, K. (2010). Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and pneumonia: thinking outside the box. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication Of The Infectious Diseases Society Of America , 1, p.S59-66. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?sid=44b983f2-9b91-407c-a053-fd8507d9a657@sessionmgr4002&vid=9&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==
Tuberculosis as (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is slow growing bacteria that thrive in areas of the body that are rich in blood and oxygen, such as the lungs. Tuberculosis develops when Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are inhaled into the lungs. The infection usually stays in the lungs, but the bacteria can travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
can be prevented by a vaccine. In 20 - 30% of the cases the infection spreads
The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was used to find peer-reviewed articles, using query terms such as: aspiration pneumonia, ventilator, and prevention. In addition, the TWUniversal search engine was utilized to find peer-reviewed articles, with the key words: aspiration pneumonia, ventilator, and enteral.
The purpose of this literature review is to assess and appraise research studies in the last five years, investigating the latest management of community acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised adults patients. A literature search was performed using CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, UpToDate and PubMed databases. Boolean terms included: community acquired pneumonia, pneumonia, immunocompromised, adults, management, treatments, preventions, effectiveness, antibiotics, promotion, and outcomes. For each database, advance search was used and then limitations included systematic reviews, retrospective analysis, randomized control trial studies that were published, peer reviewed, full text, year of publication between 2010-2015, and English language, were applied.
In patients infected with K. pneumonia, inflammatory mechanisms can cause tissue damage that is related with a release of “alarm proteins” (Achouiti, 2012). These alarm proteins are known as the Damage Associated Molecular Patters (DAMPs) and are seen in neutrophils where they potentially affect up to 45 percent of the cytoplasmic protein (Achouiti, 2012). This is harmful because it inhibits the body’s ability to fight the infection, as neutrophils are the body’s natural immunity defense.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive and fast-growing bacteria which inhabit upper respiratory tract in humans. Moreover, it is an aerotolerant anaerobe and usually causes respiratory diseases including pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, peritonitis, paranasal sinusitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis (Todar, 2003). According to Tettelin et al., more than 3 million of children die from meningitis or pneumonia worldwide (2001). S.pneumoniae has an enzyme known as autolysin that is responsible for disintegration and disruption of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors like capsule which is made up of polysaccharides that avoids complement C3b opsonization of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain different capsular antigens which were isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are plenty of S.pneumoniae strains that developed resistance to most popular antibiotics like macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and penicillin since 1990 (Tettelin et al., 2001). Antibiotic resistance was developed by the gene mutation and selection processes that, as a consequence, lead to the formation of penicillin-binding proteins, etc. (Todar, 2003).
Pneumonia can also become a hospital acquired infection. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a type of lung infection that occurs in a person who has been on a ventilator.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
What if there were no treatment for strep throat? Or pneumonia? Or sinus infections? It is hard to imagine life without medicine for these illnesses. But what if the antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections such as strep throat and pneumonia stopped working? What if the bacteria were stronger than the antibiotics? The threat of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections is an increasing concern for healthcare providers, and it is important to reduce the misuse and overuse of antibiotics to maintain control of bacterial diseases.