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Classical and operant conditioning compare and contrast
Classical and operant conditioning compare and contrast
Classical and operant conditioning compare and contrast
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Classical conditioning is a learning process with two stimulus and one stimulus is eventually changed by an outside source. Operant Conditioning is getting a person to behave the way you want them to. The difference between operant and classical conditioning is that classical conditioning is an unconscious pairing, but operant conditioning is a choice. The first example of operant conditioning is that sometimes my two-year-old throws a tantrum, I attempt to decrease that behavior by popping him, which would be considered a positive punishment. My second example is me trying to potty train my two-year-old. I want to increase him using the potty, so when he does this I reward him with a sticker (positive reinforcement). If the potty
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning play a huge role with the future use of a drug. First, just like in the theory of Pavlov, classical conditioning with the role of substance and addiction can start to form much similar. For example, if an individual sits in traffic after getting off work every day and pulls out marijuana to smoke in the car, the car will then start to become the conditioned stimulus to the substance, the individual will pair sitting in traffic now as its time for the daily joint. Since the car is now the conditioned stimulus to the individual, the person will now start to experience those cravings every time they are sitting in the car. Most of the time, the individual will experience relapse, since the body is now fully conditioned to
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
Learning can happen in numerous ways, but all fall under the category of being either classical conditioning or operant conditioning when we are dealing with Psychology terms. These two habituation methods are very comparable in nature, but do possess very specific distinctions in their differences. The major difference between classical and operant conditioning is the type of behaviors being conditioned. Classical is focused more on reflex and automatic actions whereas operant deals more with voluntary actions. Classical and operant conditioning are also different in the way they are taught. Classical conditioning involves introducing the subject to a neutral signal before reaction. Classical conditioning has four basic principles associated with it: Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response. In operant conditioning, the reaction of the subject is responded with either a reinforcement, where the behavior is increased or a punishment, where the behavior is decreased.
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Operant conditioning is a type of learning that has the consequences of behavior that are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response. The process will being with an operant which is the voluntary behavior and accidentally brings about some kind of consequence. Then there is the reinforcement. The reinforcement is the consequence that increases the frequency of an operant. The punisher is the one that decreases an operants frequency.
There are 2 different types of reinforcement and punishment in the operant conditioning. Positive reinforcement is a type, where an additional reward is added in order to increase behavior, whereas negative reinforcement is when the reward is taken away to increase the behavior. Basically, reinforcement is the act of increasing behavior, while punishment is the act of decreasing behavior. Positive punishment is when additional punishment is required to decrease behavior, while negative punishment works vice versa. However, for it to be successfully effective, it has to be relevant to the organism and shall be equal to crime or transgression.
Pavlovian Conditioning can be used to treat and explain addiction. We must first discuss Pavlovian conditioning and addiction before we can even begin to talk of the two together. Pavlovian Conditioning is better known as Classical Conditioning, which was created by Ivan Pavlov and later used by John Watson to explain human psychology. Classical conditioning is defined by Meriam-Webster dictionary (2016) as a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. For example, with Pavlov’s dogs, the unconditioned stimulus is food, the conditioned stimulus is the bell and the response is salivation, which we will discuss
Operant conditioning is a theory that evaluates the behavior of individuals as was founded by psychologist B.F. Skinner. The definition for operant conditioning according to the Merriam Webster dictionary is: “conditioning in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus.” In other words, it is learning that is based on the possibility that our behavior can be shaped by us receiving rewards or punishments, thus there would be a consequence for our behavior. Kendra Cherry (2014) shares the view that B.F Skinner “believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.” It was from this point of view that he seek to come about with the operant conditioning method of learning.
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
I remember that taking away something good, would in turn make a bad behavior diminish. If my father didn't like what my sister did, he would take away going to friends houses,watching tv, or take away a sticker from the sticker chart. This appetitive punishment made the bad behavior weaken. I never realized taking away something good to weaken a behavior would be considered operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
There are many differences and similarities between each of these learning processes. For example, classical conditioning involves only involuntary or reflex responses where as operant conditioning involves both involuntary and voluntary reflexes. These different learning processes can be used independently in many different situations. Where Classical conditioning may be more effective in one situation it may be useless in another. For this reason each of these learning processes, Classical and operant conditioning, and observational and insight learning are each as important and effective as the other.
In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning, discovered by B.F Skinner, is a learning process that involves either an increase or decrease in some behavior as a result of consequences (Amabile, 1985). Operant conditioning attempts to elicit new behavior through use of reinforcers and punishments.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in that an act is strengthened when followed by an incentive whereas a behavior will be enfeeble when followed by a punishment. Operant conditioning is based on a simple theory that behavior is directly correlated by the consequences that follow it. Operant conditioning is broken into two parts of schedules of reinforcement: continuous and partial. Continuous schedules of reinforcement mean that every time a behavior is presented there is some kind of reinforcement that follows it. On the other hand partial schedules of reinforcement occasionally provides some form of reinforcement to a certain behavior. Partial schedules of reinforcement is divided into four parts. Fixed ratio schedule is part of