Chromatography and electrophoresis are used for many wonderful processes that take place in labs. Chromatography and electrophoresis are separation techniques employed by chemists. Chemists execute multiple chemical tasks daily therefore they must find the most efficient ways to carry out these functions. Even though electrophoresis has some benefits, Chromatography is more useful than electrophoresis because it is more versatile and can be widely used in research; chromatography should be used more than electrophoresis in scientific research because it is more effective in a lab setting and can be used in more fields. The book Methods of Separating Mixtures defines chromatography as “a very widely used method of separating mixtures, particularly …show more content…
For instance, it is used to determine the vitamin content and nutritional quality of foods, for spoilage detection, process control of foods, and to detect food additives (e.g. Bio-Rad). According to the article by Flinn Scientific Inc. “Paper chromatography is [often] called adsorption chromatography. The paper acts as an adsorbent, a solid which is capable of attracting and binding the components in a mixture. The mixture to be separated is “spotted” onto the surface of the paper and a solvent is allowed to seep or flow through the paper by capillary action. If one of the components in the mixture is more strongly adsorbed onto the paper than another, it will move up the paper more slowly than the solvent. Components that are not strongly adsorbed onto the paper will move up the paper at a faster rate. This ‘partitioning’ of the components of a mixture between the paper and the solvent separates the components and gives rise to different bands or spots. If the components of the mixture are colored, like food dyes or pigments in an ink, the colored bands are easily distinguished.” Paper chromatography is an easy and useful process. This process is beneficial because it allows consumers to know exactly what chemicals are in their …show more content…
According to the Analytical Chemistry Department of the University of Basque Country, “High performance liquid chromatography has been successfully applied to cannabis plant extracts to identify cannabinoid compounds after their quantitative isolation by means of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Cannabinoid compounds and its quantity is important to know for several reasons. The most important reason being that doctors who recommend medical marijuana to their patients need this information to create a cannabis profile. “Every sample that is submitted to laboratories for testing is registered into the lab’s database. Each test result reports a different ‘cannabinoid profile’ that lays out all percentages of active cannabinoids, as well as any bacteria or fungus that was found in the sample…Another cannabinoid reported on the profile is Cannabinol (CBN). The compound is a breakdown product of THC, and is not produced in the course of the plants natural life cycle. Therefore, a large presence of this cannabinoid in a profile indicates that the buds were cured for a little too long”
CBD is one of over 80 chemical substances known as cannabinoids, which are all found in the cannabis plant. It’s the second most abundant compound in hemp and typically represents up to 40-percent of its extracts. CBD can be extracted three ways: C02 method, ethanol method or oil
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
The cutouts were then placed into large test tubes containing 4ml of isopropyl alcohol for each pigment band, total pigment sample 1, and total pigment sample 2. They were then sealed, until the pigments from the paper transferred onto the isopropyl alcohol. The same amounts of smaller test tubes were obtained, plus an additional small test tube, which was filled with isopropyl alcohol and acted as a blank. The eluted pigment solution lacking the paper was transferred into the rest of their respective smaller test tubes.
Enzymes are very important parts of biology that allow many different chemical reactions in life to occur. An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions. This process starts with with a substrate that is a molecule the enzyme is ,going to work on. The Substrate hooks onto the enzyme at the active site which is shaped specifically to a certain substrate shape. The process catalysis happens where the substrate is changed and when it breaks off the changes substrate becomes the product.
There are three species of Marijuana. The most common and most psychoactive is a prepared mixture of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Cannabis indica is known to be less potent and Cannabis ruderalis has virtually no psychoactive ingredients. Cannabis sativa will be analyzed in detail since it is the most commonly used species. This plant grows wild but it can be cultivated in temperate as well as tropical areas. Cannabis products can be smoked in pipes or cigarettes. They can also be ingested with food. Manufactured products range from paper to ink (WWW 2).
The human body produces naturally occurring cannabinoids. The cannabinoids are lipophilic. Delta-8 and Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been found to produce most of the psychoactive effects of marijuana (Carter et al., 2003). Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol appears to be the most abundant cannabinoid and the main source of cannabis' impact. Cannabidiol is
Cannabis, which is mainly referred to as marijuana, is a widely used psychotropic drug. There are a variety of species of cannabis, including, "Cannabis salvita, C. indica, and C. ruderalis" (Amar, 2006). Cannabis is made up of several different types of compounds known as cannabinoids. The main component in these compounds that is responsible for cannabis' psychoactive qualities is "∆9 - tetrahydrocannabinol", or THC (Amar, 2006). Cannabinoids function by binding to two receptors, CB1 and CB2. These receptors inhibit cAMP formation and calcium channels, as well as initiate the opening of potassium channels (Meyer and Quezner). There are three different types of cannabinoid receptor antagonists that have been discovered, including endocannabinoids, which are a natural part of an organism, phytocannabinoids, which originate in plants, and synthetic or man-made cannabinoids (Fisar, 2009). These antagonists play an important role in regulating the effects of cannabinoids.
The main psychoactive component of marijuana is (9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Other prominent cannabinoids include cannabidiol, cannabinol, and (9-tetrahydrocannabinic acid. Together, these compounds contribute to various behavioral and cognitive changes, which can slightly differ based on the route of preparation and administration (Farthing 1992). THC is found in the sticky resin of the cannabis plant, with the highest concentration in the flowering tops (buds) of the female plant. Marijuana is a preparation of the leaves, stems, and buds, while hash is a concentration of the resin. Smoking and oral ingestion are the most common ways of administration and can produce slightly distinct effects due to the different filtering methods of the digestive tract and lungs.
One genre of marijuana is the use of medical CDB oil. Most people see marijuana as the gateway drug to all other types of drugs, but it’s not. In marijuana, there are two major components that stand out substantially over the others, and they are THC and CBD. With the use of both THC and CBD, there is no possible way to have a lethal overdose, and few side effects are known for both components. THC is what provides the user with the "high" feeling and is what most people associate marijuana with.
As explained by Saferstein “Chromatography is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixtur... ... middle of paper ... ... ively place the suspect or perpetrator behind bars. Analyzing soil compounds can be measured by the levels of organic molecules including n-alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids, which are all found in the waxy outer layer of plant matter (Geddes, 2008). It basically states that compounds can remain in the soil for thousands of years, which explains that each area being tested has its unique organic profile.
The hypothesis stated that when the spinach extract was placed on the polar paper chromatography the pigment would separate into different pigments on the...
HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is an analytical technique which separates a complex mixture of components into its specific individual components. It is a powerful tool in analysis, as it combines high speed with extreme sensitivity compared to traditional methods of chromatography because of the use of a pump which creates a high pressure and forces the mobile phase to move with the analyte in high speed. It is been used as a principle technology in various automated analyzers used for diagnostic purpose.
LAB REPORT 1st Experiment done in class Introduction: Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel.
An alternative approach of affinity chromatography with extremely significant results is dye-ligand affinity chromatography. In this type of affinity chromatography, dyes compose the group of ligands than are employed in the technique (Hage et al., 2012).
One significant advantage of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is the separation of a broad range of analytes at the same moment. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis (ACE) is a technique used in order to separate substances which participate either in specific or in non-specific affinity interactions during the electrophoresis process, by using a capillary electrophoresis format. The molecules can be free in solution or they can be immobilized to a solid support (Heegaard, Nilsson and Guzman, 1998).