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Part 1. (a) Define each, (b) Explain its significance, (c) where indicated with this symbol * provide an example. Prehistory a. Definition: b. Significance: Civilization (elements or parts of a civilization) a. Definition: b. Significance: Chieftains * a. Definition: Chiefdoms were agricultural village societies that had become organized politically into groups governed by one chief that. Chiefs would use their generosity, ritual status, and charisma to obtain allegiance from their followers. They were inherited positions of power and created a sense of inequality. b. Significance: These agricultural chiefdoms were the birth of separation or distinction between a higher class of people (elite) and a lower class of people (commoner). …show more content…
Definition: Another Chinese philosophy created by thinker and teacher, Confucius to solve China’s disorder problems. It promoted the moral guideline for relationships between superiors and inferiors as a necessary element for China’s social order and harmony. b. Significance: While impacting China and East Asia, Confucianism placed great importance on history and past events and marked Chinese elite culture. It also provided social harmony to where disorder was found after the warring states of China. Filial Piety a. Definition: Filial piety is part of Confucian philosophy. It is the virtue of respecting family, especially the parents, the elderly, and the ancestors. b. Significance: A large element of Confucianism was based upon the relationships between superiors and inferiors of a society. Confucian teaching valued filial piety as a guideline to how these relationships should work. A superior should act kind and benevolent while the inferior should respond with obedience just like how a father and son should treat each other. Daoism (Laozi) a. Definition: A different school of thought that acted as a philosophy and a religion that supported simplicity and understanding the world by nature. Nature is the overpowering force of the universe and man should conform to it. It was found by a legendary figure, …show more content…
Significance: Allowed for progress in understanding human behavior as philosophers such as Herodotus, Plato, and Aristotle applied this intellectual thinking to better understand human behavior and the physical reality which drew away from unreliable mythological framework. Zoroastrian (Zoroaster) a. Definition: A Persian religion created by the prophet Zarathura or Zoroaster. Zoroastrianism is monotheistic and advocated the free will of humankind and the necessity for people to choose between evil and good. b. Significance: Some elements of Zoroastrianism were incorporated into other religious traditions. Jews of the Persian Empire were influenced by Zoroastrian ideas of God vs Satan, last judgments, bodily resurrection, the final defeat of evil, the return and help of a savior, and the remaking of the world. These elements also were found Islam and Christianity. Judaism (Abraham) a. Definition: Being the Middle East’s other monotheistic religion, this was a religion created by the Hebrews whose traditions were recorded in the Old Testament. The Old testament tells of a migration of the Hebrews to Palestine with the leader of Abraham. b. Significance: Developed a distinct understanding of God and became the foundation for Christianity and Islam. Christianity (Jesus)
The early believers in the faith were open to other religious groups of Christianity (non-Trinitarian) and Judaism because they accepted monotheism and that “There is no god but God”. The movement was set up more as an ecumenical pietistic cult and it essentially evolved into the arbitrary and exclusive group that it is today a hundred or so years after the death of the prophet Muhammad. Donner points out that in early Qur’anic text a muslim is someone who submits to God as opposed to today’s definition of a follower of the religion of Islam. Another instance of the word definition change is the word islam. Islam early in the Qur’an can be interpreted as “…committed monotheism in the sense of submitting oneself to God’s will.” The modern day definition of Islam is defined as ‘the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the prophet of Allah.’ When one looks at the root of the word and its meaning, it translates to submission as islam and submit to god as aslama. Most of the evidence in the Qur’an that Donner brings forward ‘…suggests that the early Belivers’ movement was centered on the ideas of monotheism, preparing for the Last Day, belief in prophecy and revealed scripture, and observance of righteous behavior, including frequent prayer, expiation for sins
Chiefdoms which contain different lineages and have many jobs that were often filled by captured slaves. According to Diamond, religion also plays a part in this as it evolves to be more of a support to the government as a society becomes more complex. Chiefdoms had a redistributive economy in which the chief received all the goods and then spread it back out among all the people. It become institutionalized and more formalized and they are used to bolster the power of the secular government in society. For example, in chapter 14, Diamond argues that complex societies are ruled by "kleptocracies" that take resources from the people and must keep them happy and unknowing as they rob them (p.276). Kleptocracy is when the leader keeps much more tribute than he gives. One very interesting example is the need for government as societies grow. As there are more people together, there can be more disputes arising because they are strangers placed together. Since they do not really know or care for each other as much fights are less likely to be stopped. Hence a large society that leaves conflict resolution to its members is guaranteed to fail (p.286). That is why complex societies needed to form a government. This is related to the theme because it touches on the issues of government and creation of
To begin, Confucianism is a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius. Confucianism was the code of ethics accepted as the certified religion of most of the immense empires in the territory since the Han Dynasty. Confucianism provided an outline of ethical and religious beliefs that most of the Chinese expanded to make other religions such as Daoism and Legalism. To expand, Confucianism was founded by Confucius and his beliefs on the political and social order of China. Confucius believed that everything would fall into place if children had respect for their parents and if the rulers were honest. In Confucianism, specific roles were followed by each person in the family. The head of the family, the father, was the one primarily in control and then it was the oldest son that was next in line. Confucius had the belief that a ruler has to be everything he wants
In the 18th century, China was influenced by various teachings of philosophers and beliefs that the society had placed emphasis on. Filial piety (xiao) was a major practice around this period when it was strongly carried inside and outside the household. Filial piety is not only the guiding principle of Chinese ethics but it also played an affirmative role in determining the Chinese lifestyle; it was practiced daily in the family and in other areas such as education, religion and government. It was the central root of Chinese morals and the society was constructed upon the principles of xiao, which certainly became the premises of Chinese culture and the society. In Confucianism, the approach of respect, fidelity, and care toward one’s parents and elder family members is the origin of individual ethical behaviour and social agreement. One must put the needs of parents and family elders over self, spouse, and children (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011). Many philosophers and rulers such as Mencius and Chu Hsi also focused on filial piety, applying the virtue to marital life, family, death, and politics. Filial piety was demonstrate in various literatures such as “Dream of the Red Chamber”, “Six Records of a Floating Life”, and “The Classic of Filial Piety” which demonstrated the roles of individuals in Chinese society including politics.
Confucianism is a philosophy and way of life formed in China by Confucius, an early Chinese philosopher. It began as a simple concept with ideals of personal virtue, simple filial piety, and basic gender distinctions and social inequalities. But, over time with the emergence of Neo-Confucianism it began to transform into a way of life that was degrading towards women with certain hostilities towards rivaling religions. In its early period, from around 500 B.C.E to the Common Era, Confucianism changed in that it became the leading belief system and a major part of Chinese tradition. From the transition into the Common Era to the end of the Classical time period, Confucianism was altered because of a loss of popularity following the collapse of the Han dynasty and the corruption in the governing political system. In its ending period, the post-classical era, Confucianism underwent perhaps its biggest adjustments with the emergence of Neo-Confucianism. The ideas and virtues presented in the “rebirth of Confucian philosophies” of intolerance of foreign religions and extreme filial piety...
Confucius’s ideas were described as traditional, and he often talked about a time when the rulers would look after the people; “the inferiors followed their superiors; parents and children, husbands and wives, and everyone worked together and did what was expected of them.” Confucius described the importance of family and “considered the family as the basic unit of society.” He emphasized the importance of children obeying their parents. The teachings of Confucius were similar to a hierarchy; “the senior leads and protects; the junior supports and obeys.” For example the relationships between husband and wife, older and younger siblings, and the relationships between friends all had a hierarchy (patheos.org 1).
Islam is a religion that is based on the submission oneself to the will of God, who is called Allah. Muslims are the people believe in that, regardless of their culture, background or ethnicity. It is believed that God’s prophets brought a message for the people to worship one God without intermediaries and that prophet Muhammad was the end of G...
The teachings according to Confucius refer to Confucianism. Confucianism is the multifarious classification of ethical, collective, political and pious philosophy developed by Confucius and the old Chinese practices (Bertrand, 1999). Confucianism aim is actually making an individual honorable but also making such an individual the character of learning and of proper manners. The ideal and faultless man has to combine the characters of a saint, an intellectual and gentleman. Confucianism is a religious conviction whose adulation is focused on offerings to the dead. The idea of responsibility is extensive beyond the precincts of morals and holds close to the minutiae of daily living.
Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity share so many features that it seems that there must be a connection between them. There is a great deal of Zoroastrian influence in both Judaism and Christianity.
In the category of view of society, each belief has a different view. The Confucians believed that you develop good character through a good life and that everyone has their own role.
Confucianism is a moral and religious system of China. Its origins go back to the Analects, the sayings attributed to Confucius, and to ancient writings, including that of Mencius. Confucius was born a mandarin under the name Kongzi. It was developed around 550 B.C. In its earliest form Confucianism was primarily a system of ethical concepts for the control of society. It saw man as a social creature that is bound to his fellow men by jen, or “humanity.” Jen is expressed through the five relationships—sovereign and subject, parent and child, elder and younger brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend. Of these, the filial relation is most important.
Confucian culture, also known as Confucianism, was founded by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, which was developed gradually after the Han Dynasty with benevolence as the core. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was the official ideology and the basis of mainstream ideology in the vast majority of historical periods of China, and it also influenced many southeast Asian countries in history. After a variety of shocks, Confucianism was still the core values of China's social public, and represented the Chinese culture and national tradition in the world (Littlejohn, 2010). In the contemporary society, the Confucian culture in China increasingly spread, at the same time, its modern value is excavated by many countries in the world, and its international influence is also growing with the rise of China.
Confucianism is a religious philosophy formed by the Chinese philosopher Kung-fu-Tsu. This philosophy came out of need during the warring states period of Chinese history. K'ung-fu-Tsu was a teacher at the hundred schools. His prime concern was the improvement of society. Confucianism has no gods, and the only written history of this religion is in the Analects, a collection of his responses to his disciple's questions. K'ung-fu-Tsu believed that the improvement of society was the responsibility of the ruler and that the quality of government depended on the ruler's moral character. This new way meant concern for others and adherance to the golden rule. Confucianism has had a greater and longer lasting influence on China than that of any other religious philosophy.
At the first glance, Islam and Christianity appear to have nothing in common, however; as you go beyond the surface, they appear to have many similarities such as their beliefs of God, their beliefs of life after death, their holy scriptures, and their prayers. These religions, although two entirely different beliefs, share a similar origin. Like many other religions, they both claim to be the one and only true way to God. In order to truly see and understand their similarities, one must date back to the rise and birth of Christianity and Islam. Throughout the course of this essay, I will compare the many facets that show the alikeness between these two growing religions.
For many centuries, Confucianism has been widely revered by the Chinese for its emphasis on morality. Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE, is different to most philosophers in that he showed no interest questioning his existence, the possibility of a God, or the reality that he seemed to live in; instead he focused on the human relations side of philosophy as it was his belief that people should “give (themselves) earnestly to the duties due to men … (and) keep aloof from (spiritual beings)” (Confucius 195). By negating the metaphysical side of philosophy, he was able to devote himself to mold his disciples into ideal gentleman who were morally righteous, and were able to benefit society. He believed in the importance of individuals who knew their roles in an well-structured society, that was a feudal system. In his opinion, the ideal gentleman should be obedient to his elders, have humanness and be morally righteous. Through his teachings, he was able to reform an entire country; the Chinese found Confucianism to embody practices of humaneness that they could apply in their daily lives through his religion.