Tested seeds Chickpea (Cicer arietinum Linn.) is a deep rooted crop which belonging to the family Fabaceae. Chickpea is known to be the first domesticated grain legume crop of the Old World (Van der Maesen, 1972). India is the major producer of chickpea, contributing for approximately 65% of the annual world production and at the same time major importer of chickpea. The production of chickpea is limited by various biotic and abiotic stresses throughout the world. There are about 50 pathogens associated with chickpea (Nene, 1980), which include 35 fungi, 9 viruses and 2 bacteria and 4 nematodes. Among the most important biotic stresses that limit chickpea production worldwide, Ascochyta blight is considered to be the most notorious one that hampered the overall yield of the crop (Nene, 1982; Chongo et al., 2000). Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is an important grain legume crop of the family Fabaceae. It is the most important kharif pulse crop with much higher productivity. Pigeon pea represents about 5% of world legume production (Hillocks et al., 2000) and more than 70% is being produced in India. India is the centre of origin and largest producer of pigeonpea in the world sharing approximately 70% of the production and covering 74% of …show more content…
Onion is used throughout the year in the form of salad or condiment or for cooking with other vegetables. Onion has several medicinal uses; its use in the case of sun strokes is known worldwide (Rai N, Yadav D. S, 2005). Pests and diseases continue to impact on the productivity of crops and quality of crop products worldwide despite many years of research and development on improved methods for their control. It has been estimated that an average of 0.20–0.30% of crop yield is lost annually from the field (Oerke E. C,
TQM is a company’s complete “culture of quality” approach which focuses on long-term success. It strives for continuous improvement, in all aspects of an organization, as a process and not as a short-term goal. TQM’s involves everyone in the organization to transform the organization into a forward-thinking entity by influencing attitudes, practices, structures, and systems of the entire organization (Business Dictionary, 2014). TQM was crafted by William Edwards Deming, a statistician who specialized in statistical process control after World War II. Deming outlined 14 points of TQM where all people of an organization can constantly search for ways to improve the process, product, and service. Deming developed the
Chick-fil-A is affected by numerous external forces which challenge upper management’s ability to make Chick-fil-A "America’s best quick-service restaurant". Through intense strategic planning, based upon the vision, mission and corporate values, Chick-fil-A has been able to establish a unique position in a very competitive industry. The corporate purpose of Chick-fil-A, "To glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us and to have a positive influence on all who come into contact witch Chick-fil-A", their commitment to family and the community, and their sound business decisions, have made Chick-fil-A one of the most profitable and fastest growing quick-service restaurants in the nation.
"Unstoppable plant diseases" do not threaten our world. Crop pestilences are nothing new and have existed all-throughout the thousands of years that humans have grown their own food. In fact, ancient agrarians had it even harder than we do today because they were completely reliant upon rainfall, as they did not have advanced irrigation systems.
The issue written in this article is regarding the banning and lack of approval for blight-resistant potatoes in the european union. Late potato blight, a potato disease caused by the the eukaryotic microorganism phytophthora infestans, is a significant cause for loss of crop and yield by potato farmers. Looking back to the past, the blight was responsible for the catastrophic Irish Great Famine of the 1840s causing eradication of their main food source, potatoes. As a result of the blight, potatoes become rotten and unsafe for human consumption. Late potato blight today is still a serious issue because it has caused the loss of $5.9 billion dollars of potatoes worldwide annually.By engineering blight resistance into potatoes, scientists have hoped to increase the yield and productivity of potato crops affected by this devastating disease. However, the attempts of the scientists are met with strong resistance by anti-GMO activists and lobbying groups, who are intent on food as naturally pure as possible. In consequence of not using genetically modified potatoes, the farmers are forced to use costly pesticides in an attempt to control the blight. With the human population rapidly increasing, it is essential that all measures be taken to increase food/crop yield in order to prevent starvation and hunger caused by the overpopulation. The battle between agricultural researchers like Simplot and the anti-GMO lobbying group GeneWatch is a controversial one that must be addressed by this generation and future generations.
Schumann, Gail L., and Cleora J. D'Arcy. Hungry Planet: Stories of Plant Diseases. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society, 2012. Print.
Over the past few years there has been several cases of food contaminated with Escherichia Coli and Salmonella, mostly from organic food manufacturers. For a better understanding of this issue it is necessary to go back to the basis for organic agriculture. Which is essentially about the nutrients needed for the soil and its direct relation to the quality of the product. The more nutrients are added to the substrate the better the quality of that product. Farmers replace synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides for natural alternate methods, using fertilizers based on decomposed organic matter like Humus and Compost. Among the active components found in this products are animal feces which contain harmful parasites that could be transmitted to the plants. Several studies support this statement; an evaluation from the University of Minnesota revealed that “the percentages of E.coli–positive samples in conventional and organic produce (on farms in Minnesota), were 1.6 and 9.7%, respectively” (Mukherjee, Speh, Dyck, Diez-Gonzalez,
Agriculture—it’s something that not very many people know much about. However, it is important for us to survive. Almost everything in our everyday lives is agriculture-related, from the food you eat to the clothes you wear.
Janick. J. (2011). Center for New Crops & Plant Products - Department of Horticulture and
With the rapid growth of our global population pouring into the next millennium, we will witness an ever-growing hunger rate around the world. That is unless we call for a revolution on the global scale. The Green Revolution which already sprouted in the early part of the century only need to add a bit more momentum and we will see a bright future for the human race, a future without hunger and starvation ¡V hopefully.It is becoming increasingly difficult for the planet to support its overwhelming population. And since the amount of arable land available is becoming scarce, we must seek ways to dramatically improve crop yields of existing cropland.
A pathogen can be anything that causes a disease, including bacterium which causes meningitis, Viruses causing hepatitis A-C, and a fungus that cause athlete's foot. Plant pathology bacteria can serve economically damaging diseases, from spots, pustules on leaves and fruit, tuber rots to a plant's death. Some bacteria causes a hormone base distortion of leaves and shoots called fasciation. Fungi pathogens spread through plants to steal nutrients of living plants and carry out the part of the life cycle in soil. Mycorrhizae fungi make carbohydrates from plant roots, enhancing plant uptake of inorganic nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Cripps, C.L reported on mycorrhizae that “ The relationship is considered nonpathogenic, and of benefit to the plants involved.”- describing that the relationship between mycorrhizae and pathogens is nonpathogenic because mycorrhizae cancels out the disease. Over 85% of plants in nature have the mycorrhizae condition to keep pathogens away. This is why gardeners buy mycorrhizae fungi to help stop diseases of plants and for the safety of humans catching the disease through eating the plants. Food is one of the most important factors in the ecology life cycle and mycorrhizae makes it safe for these plants to take part in the
...and to resist disease and pest include but are not limited to: tomatoes, potatoes, papaya, peas, and squash. (NERC 2005)
Humans rely on nutrients as a source to survive. With crops being a vital part of society, both economically and the importance of the well being of humans, changing the way crops are grown is a concern. It is no surprise farmers are using annual seeds, all while turning a blind eye to an issue bigger than the success of their yearly crop. As farmers continue to practice conventional farming, these conventions are being passed down generation to generation. Hence the problem society is a part of.
2. Cook, A. A. 1975. Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Nuts, Hafner Press,
The "cardboard" tomato problem illustrates a larger problem in agriculture - crop spoilage associated with the predations of insects and fungi and with shipping. We saw that picking fruits such as tomatoes while they are green and chemically ripening them is a solution to some of the spoilage problem in crops, while using other chemicals can prevent some damage by pests. However, these chemicals often create environmental hazards in areas where they are used, and pests can often develop resistance to chemicals used to destroy them, making the release of even more pesticides and fungicides int...
The production of chickpea or ‘chana’ is also affected in excessive cold conditions. Chickpea is sown in the months of September to November in India and is considered as a rabi crop (Figure 1.3). The desi type chickpea reaches physiological maturity by 95-105 days and Kabuli type by 100-110 days. The plant is harvested when its leaves start drying and shedding and can be done manually or with the help of a harvester. In India, it is harvested in between March to April. This crop is often cultivated as a sole crop but sometimes it is also grown rotationally with other crops such as sorghum, pearl millet, wheat and coriander. Pale yellow, dark brown or reddish chickpea are some of the varieties that are grown