Bonds are the attraction between atoms involving the transferring and sharing of valence electrons to achieve stability and complete its valence shell. With these interactions of molecules, which are formed by bonds, properties of life emerge. Bonds vary in type, with each having their own specific properties, effects and strengths. These varying types of bonds consist of: covalent, ionic and hydrogen.
A covalent bond is the chemical bonding in which the attractive force between atoms is created by the sharing of electrons, resulting in the formation of a cell's molecules and is categorized into two subtypes, non-polar and polar. While a non-polar covalent bond involves the equal sharing of electrons resulting in a small or lack of change in electro negativity, the polar covalent bond shares electrons unequally resulting in a moderate change in electronegavity. The little and moderate change of electronegativity by covalent bonding forms strong bonds between the atoms. To exist, all living organisms required strong bonds to provide the stability of structure. N-H, or nitrogen to h...
Cu (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2NO3(aq)
Due to the varied properties and the scope of application which the CNTs possess, it is of paramount importance that CNTs are produced sufficiently at a competitive cost with the existing technology. The research over two decades, since the discovery of CNTs at Iijima’s Laboratory in 1991, has not helped in reduction of cost or production of CNTs of well-defined properties on a massive scale (Kumar, n.d.). This is mainly because of the complexity in the growth mechanism of CNTs. Extra ordinary properties and applications cannot be unleashed without the fundamental understanding of the growth mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes (Kumar, n.d.). There are several methods to produce Carbon Nanotubes in a laboratory setup. Some of widely used techniques include
Our first goal in Project 7 was to determine what our three unknown solutions were. We did this through a series of tests. Our first test was a series of anion tests. We performed anion tests to determine whether any of the following anions were present in our solution: chloride, sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, and acetate. Our first solution, labeled as B, had only the chloride test come out positive. The next solution, C, tested positive for acetate, as did our last solution, E. We next performed anion tests. These included flame test, as well as an ammonium test. For the flame test, certain cations turn flames different colors, so we used this knowledge to test to see which cations could be present in our solutions. During this test, the only solution that appeared to turn the flame any color was solution C, which turned the flame bright orange, indicating the sodium ion was present. This led us to the conclusion that solution C was sodium acetate. We next performed an ammonium test, which involved mixing our solutions with sodium hydroxide, and smelling the resulting solution in order to detect an ammonia smell. Solution B was identified as smelling like ammonia, indicating the presence of the ammonium cation. From this, we identified solution B as ammonium chloride. We next checked the pH of all three of the solutions, first by using litmus paper. Solution C was slightly basic, solution E and B were both acidic, with a pH around 4. Since we knew that solution E had acetate, and was acidic, and did not turn the flame any color, we determined it was acetic acid, as none of the ions in acetic acid would turn a flame any color.
[IMAGE] A hydrogen peroxide molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms joined together by covalent bonds. It is relatively unstable in sunlight as repulsion exists between non-bonded electrons in the oxygen atoms, forming free radicals easily. The structure is shown below: [IMAGE] Water and hydrogen peroxide have a simple molecular structure and held by hydrogen bonds. The slightly positive charged hydrogen atom is attracted by the lone pair electrons on the oxygen atoms. Physical Properties: Both water and hydrogen peroxide have a high melting point and boiling point due to the presence of hydrogen bonds between the molecules of them.
Chemistry dictates the structure of DNA. DNA is a polymer of monomers called nucleic acids. These are made of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a sugar. It is the negative charge on the phosphate group that makes DNA an acid. There are 4 different bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. In groups of three, these four bases can code for any protein coded for in an organism’s genome. Two strands of nucleic acids stack on top of each other in a double helix. The backbone of the nucleic acids consists of the interaction between phosphate groups and the hydroxide groups of nucleic acids. These are held together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds. The helix itself is held together by hydrogen bonds. Although h...
The bonds of reactions can only be broken when molecules of certain kinetic energies collide.
Every chemical element or compound have specific properties that make them different than the other. However, these properties help us to understand every element or compound in which they can be used and how we can deal with them. These properties can be chemical properties which are defined as "that property must lead to a change in the substances ' chemical structure", such as heat of combustion and flammability ("Physical and Chemical…"). Also, these properties can be physical properties which are defined as the properties "that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical nature of the substance", such as mass, volume, boiling and freezing points ("Physical and Chemical…"). These two properties are related to each other. For
The link between the number of carbon atoms in a fuel with the amount of energy it releases. Alcohols generally belong to compounds whose molecules are based on chains of carbon atoms. They usually contain one oxygen atom, which is joined to a carbon atom by a singular bond. This makes them different from other compounds.
Adhesive Force: The attractive forces between unlike molecules. In some cases adhesion causes the liquid to cling to the surface where it rests.
...ubstances that have different properties than the properties of the reactants (blue book). Most atoms form bonds with valence electrons only, which means the number of valence electrons determines if an atom will form a bond (eight electrons are usually unreactive, while fewer than eight tend to bond more often). Atoms bond to fill their outermost energy level. They would either lose share or gain an electron. In baking soda and vinegar, you may be wondering what bonding has to do with a chemical reaction. Well, in order for a chemical reaction to take place a bond must be broken. This happens because molecules are always moving which means if they bump with enough energy, the bond will break. The atoms then rearrange and new bonds form to make new substances (blue book). So behind the aesthetic view of the “white fizz,” there is always a scientific explanation.
From these properties of bonds we will see that there are two fundamental types of bonds--covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding represents a situation of about equal sharing of the electrons between nuclei in the bond. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity. Because each atom has near equal pull for the electrons in the bond, the electrons are not completely transferred from one atom to another. When the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in a bond is large, the more electronegative atom can strip an electron off of the less electronegative one to form a negatively charged anion and a positively charged cation. The two ions are held together in an ionic bond because the oppositely charged ions attract each other as described by Coulomb's Law.
Metals possess many unique fundamental properties that make them an ideal material for use in a diverse range of applications. Many common place things know today are made from metals; bridges, utensils, vehicles of all modes of transport, contain some form of metal or metallic compound. Properties such as high tensile strength, high fracture toughness, malleability and availability are just some of the many advantages associated with metals. Metals, accompanied by their many compounds and alloys, similar properties, high and low corrosion levels, and affects, whether negative or positive, are a grand force to be reckoned with.
"bond" that you may have with someone, in a sense that you have that much more
For centuries, many scientists and researchers have pondered on the idea of combining two or more substances together to create something new. These explorations have led to the idea of what kind of reactions would occur when diverse elements are combined. This is a concept known as chemistry, a part of science that corresponds with how matter is created from different properties and the process it goes through to create a new substance. Chemistry is a scientific concept that is used in everyday life and is a crucial part in the development of new technology and substances that allow today’s quality of life. The use of chemistry branches off into many different routes, including medical related fields, agriculture, and even in weapons of
Bonds have a number of characteristics that differentiate one issue from another. We are going to define and describe a number of characteristics in detail below.