When Chelsea Manning released confidential information to WikiLeaks and the aftermath, there were many ethical issues surrounding it. However, arguably, the most central ethical issue was whether Manning was in the right or not to release confidential information. This issue will later be discussed using the theories of Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics.
Chelsea Manning (then Bradley Manning) was an Army Private who released more than 700,000 classified documents of US government information to WikiLeaks in 2010. Most notably, the documents showed that the US did not investigate hundreds of reports of abuse, torture, rape and murder by Iraqi police. A US Army helicopter had also attacked 12 people in 2007, which included two Reuters journalists,
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After the release of the information, Manning was arrested. The court was martialed by the US military, and Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison. In 2017, as one of his final acts as President, former President Obama commuted Manning’s sentence, releasing her from prison.
Classic utilitarianism believes that the morality of an action depends solely on the consequences of the action; nothing else matters. The consequences matter only where they involve the greater or lesser happiness of individuals. The act is acceptable if it produces the most happiness (Rachels, 2015, p. 111). Rachels (2015, p. 111) also states that when assessing the consequences and individual’s happiness, they all get equal consideration; no one is more important than the other. According to classical
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141). This is because punishment can provide comfort and gratification to the victims and their families. People may also feel very unsafe out in public, if they know that their offender is still free (Rachels, 2015, p. 141). However, Manning’s case is unusual in concerning punishment. Whistleblowers are not common, and the files released have, in a sense, only created embarrassment to the US. There has also been very little evidence to show that Manning’s actions have directly caused the deaths of American servicemen and women (Alex, 2017). As such, there have been no victims to provide comfort and gratification to Manning’s imprisonment. Utilitarian’s also believe that punishment reduces crime by deterring would-be criminals. Someone who is tempted to commit a crime may not do so, as they know they might be punished (Rachels, 2015, p. 142). Again, whistleblowing is not a common act; although, the next high profile case was with Edward Snowden, who sought and gained refuge in Russia after releasing confidential files. The files released were ones that some consider to be even more sensitive than the files that Manning had released (Zavis, 2017). Altogether, there have not been any good that has outweighed the bad that occurred after Manning released the confidential information. As such, utilitarian’s would not be able to justify
Kevin M. Gallagher. 2013. Freedom of the Press Foundation. Glenn Greenwald, NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: 'I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things'. Video file posted on YouTube on June 9, 2013.
Julian Assange’s website, WikiLeaks made global headlines in the last few years. Assange started out by leaking documents he had acquired over the internet about banks in various European countries. Chelsea Manning, Army Private at the time stationed in Iraq joined up with Assange and delivered to him thousands of classified documents that Manning, a military intelligence analyst had access to. Manning was in contact with a former hacker named Adrian Lamo who he asked advice of, advice whether or not he should leak the documents. Manning going against Lamo’s advice of not leaking the documents caused Manning to be arrested after Lamo turned him in for the leak. This was a major blow for Wikileaks who had just lost their major source of confidential documents from the United States government. Since 9/11, the United States Government has realized that information needs to be shared among intelligence agencies in order to thwart terrorist attacks. A side effect however is that information is no longer on a need-to-know basis which made it possible for Manning to leak it all out. After receiving this confidential information, Assange began to make this information available to media outlets. Assange’s actions were morally and ethically incorrect. He should not have leaked so many classified documents especially without redacting the names of informants whose lives could have been in danger. These documents leaked by Manning to Assange were meant strictly for the eyes and ears of those who were privileged to the information, not for the front page of the New York Times. WikiLeaks and Julian Assange threatened global security as they willingly and knowingly put lives of thousands at risk by allowing the bad guys an opportunity to a...
After September 11th, Americans looked to the government for protection and reassurance. However, they did not expect to find out thirteen years later that the government did this by using technology to spy on Americans, as well as other countries. George W. Bush began the policy shortly after the terrorist attack and Barack Obama continued it. There have been many confrontations over the years about the extent of the N.S.A.’s spying; however, the most recent whistle-blower, Edward Snowden, leaked information that caused much upset throughout America (EFF). It has also brought many people to question: is he a hero or a traitor?
If someone broke the law trying to help the American keep their constitutional rights, would you consider them a hero or a criminal? Well that’s exactly what’s going on today with Edward Snowden. In 2013 Edward Snowden leaked classified information to the American people, information that shined a light on the dark things that the U.S government was doing behind closed doors. He revealed that the U.S government has been going against the constitution and taking away our freedoms. The U.S government has been taking away our freedoms however, Snowden is being called the criminal. Thesis Statement here.
In May of 2013 Edward Snowden who was then working at a National Security Agency office in Oahu, Hawaii began copying top secret documents that belonged to the American government as he believed the documentation contained unethical and immoral content that he believed the American people and the world in general needed to know about. (Snowden, 2014) The documentation that he collated contained information regarding projects such as Prism, which is a top secret NSA surveillance program that has the ability to access the data servers of some of America's large...
Greenwald, Glenn, Ewen MacAskill, and Laura Poitras. “Edward Snowden: The Whistleblower behind the NSA Surveillance Revelations.” Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 11 June 2013. Web. 18 May. 2014.
“Utilitarianism is the creed which accepts as the foundations of morals utility of the greatest happiness principle holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.” (Mil, 90). Utilitarianism ethics is based on the greatest good for the greatest number meaning that the moral agent does what he/she thinks will be
Edward Snowden, the former National Security Agency (N.S.A) subcontractor turned whistle-blower is nothing short of a hero. His controversial decision to release information detailing the highly illegal ‘data mining’ practices of the N.S.A have caused shockwaves throughout the world and have raised important questions concerning how much the government actually monitors its people without their consent or knowledge. Comparable to Mark Felt in the Watergate scandals, Daniel Ellsberg with the Pentagon Papers, Edward Snowden joins the rank of infamous whistleblowers who gave up their jobs, livelihood, and forever will live under scrutiny of the public all in the service to the American people. Edward Snowden released information detailing the extent of the N.S.A breaches of American privacy and in doing so, became ostracized by the media and barred from freely reentering America, his home country.
The main principle of utilitarianism is the greatest happiness principle. It states that, "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure" (Mill, 1863, Ch. 2, p330). In other words, it results with the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people that are involved.
Julian Assange an Australian editor, activist, journalist and publisher launched the WikiLeaks website in the year 2006. From that moment, the site spiraled rapidly into the limelight all over the world. It then came to be known as the most powerful whistle-blowing and also the most scandalous “media” in the online world. WikiLeaks profanes and violates the right of privacy, right of accountability and confidentiality among Information and data sharing also it has a negative impact on governments, private sectors or businesses and also individuals, there is also a big question of accountability.
MATHEW, J. (2013 , November 15). Edward Snowden Leaked up to 200,000 NSA Top Secret Documents. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/522484/20131115/edward-snowden-nsa-scandal-keith-alexander.htm
Utilitarianism is a moral theory that approaches moral questions of right and wrong by considering the actual consequences of a variety of possible actions. These consequences are generally those that either positively or negatively affect other living beings. If there are both good and bad actual consequences of a particular action, the moral individual must weigh the good against the bad and go with the action that will produce the most good for the most amount of people. If the individual finds that there are only bad consequences, then she must go with the behavior that causes the least amount of bad consequences to the least amount of people. There are many different methods for calculating the utility of each moral decision and coming up with the best
Edward Snowden. This is a name that will be in the history books for ages. He will be branded a traitor or a whistleblower, depending on where you look. Many Americans feel that Edward Snowden is a traitor who sold the United States’ secrets, aiming to harm the nation. Others believe that he was simply a citizen of the United States who exercised his right to expose the government for their unconstitutional actions.
It is reasonable to argue that, governmental institutions or people with authority are subject to withhold a great deal of information from society. Many may argue that secrets are kept to ensure the safety of the nation. Thus, upholding the governmental duty of protecting the nation against possible threats. On the other hand, many believe that secrets may exist which violate our constitutional rights. Over the last year, Edward Snowden, has made headline news for leaking sensitive governmental information to the press. Edward Snowden is a 29-year-old high school drop-out, who was a tech specialist for the National Security Association. Snowden had discovered and later exposed the NSA for monitoring the nations e-mails, phone calls, and internet searches. As the allegations spread like wild fire, Edward Snowden sought asylum in Russia for one year. Snowden had a valid and justifiable reason to expose the NSA to the world because they were in violation of our fourth Amendment rights to unreasonable searches and seizures. The government called him a traitor, while others viewed him as a hero for exposing the government. Edward Snowden is a whistle blower because he felt that it is up to society to decide if governmental practices are just or unjust. Snowden does “express the highest respect for the law”, and he wanted to protect the right of privacy for American citizens.
supports Wikileaks’ First Amendment right and claims that the exposure of the private information of the government enhances the condition of our democracy. W.W. writes this article to oppose a co-blogger and believes that Wikileaks is beneficial in informing the American people of important information that the government may classify in order to hide mistakes. The author asserts that Wikileaks plays an important role in ensuring that the people know and understand the moves of the government and why they are made. This article offers a respectful acknowledgement of the opposing argument; therefore, it seems to be a trustworthy piece to someone who is researching Wikileaks, the information it releases, and the importance of people’s knowledge of this