Anatolian is a region in Turkey where vast amount of tectonic activity which was followed by magmatism took place during the Cenozoic era. The Anatolian microplate is bound to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, to the east by the Red sea and, to the south by the Aegean Sea. Ophiolites and suture zones seperate different pieces of continental blocks that came together to form the Anatolian microplate (Altunkaynak et al. 2012). Chorowicz (1999) defines Anatolia as a product of the African and Eurasian plate collision which formed mainly from lithospheric magma. A widespread of magmatism accompanied plate tectonism experienced in this region during the Cenozoic era. The late Eocene (37.3 ± 4.6, measure through K-Ar radiometric dating) marks the initial period where this magmatism in took place. This essay will establish if whether an East-west spatial control on the chemistry of Anatolian volcanics exists. Spatial control is a geographical process in space which didctates how the events of a certain process in space take place. East-west spatial control means that when moving from East-West are there geographical processes in space which are controlling the chemistry of Anatolian volcanics. The tectonic and magamatic activity that took place in Anatolia makes it a suitable place to study magma evolution as it preserves most of its volcanic rocks. Coban (2007) gave major subdivisions of the Anatolian microplate which are: the Eastern Anatolian collisional province (EACP), the central Anatolian province and, the Western Anatolian extensional province (WAEP) respectively. Two main tectonic processes are responsible for the distribution Anatolian volcanics and the process responsible are: the formation of topography related to the acc... ... middle of paper ... ... Reviews, 80(3), 219-238. Aldamaz, E., Pearce, J.A., Thirlwall, M.F., and Mitchell, J.G. (2000) Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 102(1-2). P.67-95. Seyítoǧlu, G., & Scott, B. C. (1996). The cause of NS extensional tectonics in western Turkey: tectonic escape vs back-arc spreading vs orogenic collapse. Journal of Geodynamics, 22(1), 145-153. SEN, P. A., TEMEL, A., & GOURGAUD, A. (2004). Petrogenetic modelling of Quaternary post-collisional volcanism: a case study of central and eastern Anatolia. Geological Magazine, 141(01), 81-98. Keskin, M. (2003). Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath a subduction-accretion complex: An alternative model for collision-related volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 8046
Marshak, S. (2009) Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, ch. 11, p. 298-320.
...under H₂O-undersaturated conditions, water was structurally bound up to the greenschist facies and then at the start of anatexis the excess water maximized the amount of H₂O-undersaturated melt generated. Furthermore the dissolution of accessory minerals can provide melts with structural components which in turn give clues about melting history and melting conditions, even during rapid melting. The analysis and mass balance of trace elements found in the glasses and residual phases and melt extraction data, together provided evidence that significant amounts of LILE were retained in residual feldspars and biotite crystals up to a high degree of partial melting of the crustal protolith. This is interpreted as meaning that higher temperatures of partial melting are needed to more efficiently differentiate the crust in these mostly incompatible trace elements.
Rome created and maintained its huge Mediterranean Empire in many ways, the way Rome was started was unifying Italy then all the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. Rome maintained being a huge Empire because of the expansion in the Mediterranean lands. They stayed at the top also because of the rich farmlands and the pax romana. On page 142 “it says Rome’s central location contributed to its success in unifying Italy and then all the lands ringing the Mediterranean Sea.” Also on page 150 it says “ Commerce was greatly enhanced by the pax romana (roman peace)” This is all important to know for the AP world exam because when seeing how the empire was maintained we can compare what the Romans changed to what brought down the other empires.
In the sixth century B.C, the land that we now call Iran was the center of the largest empire in the world. The kings of Ancient Persia( such as Cyrus the Great) were the leaders of a great civilization that made amazing advances in laws, goverment and communication. Founded in 550 B.C by King Cyrus the Great, the Persian Empire spanned from Egypt in the west to Turkey in the north, and through Mesopotamia to the Indus River in the east. Unlike most empires at that time, the Persian kings were benovelent rulers, and allowed a diverse variety of diffrent people with diffrent ethnic backgrounds. The Persian empire was split into three diffrent empires with three diffrent time periods but the first empire was called the Achaemenid Empire. It began with King Cyrus the Great and ended with King Darius III.
I am here today to talk to you about the Persian Empire. One of the reasons I chose this topic is that I am Persian myself. Another reason for me choosing this topic is that there is a large Persian community in Lower Mainland.
From watching the video “Engineering an Empire: The Persians” I learned about the Persian Empire. Persia is today the country of known as Iran. Led by Cyrus II the Great (576 – 530 BC) Persia became one of the largest and most successful empires of all time. The reign of Cyrus the Great is said to have lasted from twenty eight to thirty one years. In that time he stretched his empire over much land, including; parts of the Balkans and Thrace-Macedonia in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. Because he was a just and benevolent leader who refused to enslave his conquered subjects he was given many titles including; The Great King, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer among many others. In 539 BC Cyrus conquered Babylon, but instead of presenting himself as a conquer he presented himself as a liberator, freeing those people from their cruel leader.
Volcanism is a major part of the Galapagos and their formation. The island chain is positioned on the Nazca Plate, which is subducting beneath the South American Plate at a geologically rapid pace of 2.5 inches per year. In addition, this Nazca Plate is located directly on top of the Galapagos Hotspot. It is here that mantle plumes melt Earth’s crust, creating volcanoes as a product. The oldest island was first shaped by this ...
Basalt forms due to the partial melting of the layer of the mantle called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the plastic zone of the mantle beneath the rigid lithosphere. Mantle plumes coming from the mesosphere can cause the asthenosphere to melt with heat or even if pressure decreases, which is called decompression melting (Richard 2011). The magma that forms from this melting is mafic magma that solidifies once it reaches the earth’s surface and cools quickly. The above process mainly occurs mainly during intraplate igneous activity which is the main explanation for volcanic activity that occurs a long distance away from a plate boundary. If the tectonic plate above the mantle plume is moving it can create a string of volcanic activity such as in Hawaii. See Fig 2.
Millions of years ago the procreant low lands in the river basins of Euphrates and Tigris was probably the home of some animal life, but no great civilizations. However, things change over time, and just a few thousand years ago the same fertile low lands in the river basins of Euphrates and Tigris became the home of a very rich and complex society. This first high society of man was located in what some still call "Mesopotamia". The word "Mesopotamia" is in origin a Greek name meaning "land between the rivers." The name is used for the area watered by the Euphrates and Tigris and its tributaries, roughly comprising modern Iraq and part of Syria. South of modern Bagdad, this alluvial plain was called the land of Sumer and Akkad. Sumer is the most southern part, while the land of Akkad is the area around modern Bagdad, where the Euphrates and Tigris are closest to each other. This first high, Mesopotamian society arose as a combined result of various historical, institutional, and religious factors. The reality of these factors occurring at a specific place within the fabric of space / time indeed established the basis for this first high civilization. Items like irrigation, topography, and bronze-age technical innovations played a big part along with the advent of writing and the practice of social conditioning (through the use of organized religion) in this relatively early achievement of man.
From modern examples and records we know that volcanic activity can set of a chai...
The field of geology has many different branches. Some of these areas have hardly anything in common. The one thing that they all include, though, is that each one concentrates on some part of the Earth, its makeup, or that of other planets. Mineralogy, the study of minerals above the Earth and in its crust, is different from Petrology, the st...
the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a long period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They are believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir from
Istanbul is both an ancient and modern city that is full of culture dating back to the beginning of time. It’s a city that is unique, in that, it connects both Europe and Asia. Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and the most crowded one too. There are approximately more than fourteen million people living in Istanbul alone. That is more than its capital city of Ankara. Istanbul is not just a metropolitan, or one of the most crowded cities, and it’s also an ancient and historical city.
Sorkhabi, Rasoul . "Cappadocia, Turkey: Civilisations in a Volcanic Terrain." GeoExPro. 8.1 (2011): n. page. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.