Çatalhöyük is an archaeological site in Anatolia whose settlement last from approximately 6500 BC to 5720 BC by James Mellaart’s dating. Although the dates given by the current excavating team are from 7300 BC to 6100 BC. Çatalhöyük is most active during the VII to the V levels occurring between 6600 BC to 6300 BC. This can be proven by looking at what makes Çatalhöyük change. Çatalhöyük is a display of amazing continuity over centuries, contrasted strongly by what changes do occur- often in the VII to V levels- in the food related production, the production and use of tools, the changes in house construction, and the tradition that occur inside the home.
Food based production is controlled largely by the climate surrounding Çatalhöyük, as well as by changes in the production process, such as with the cooking methods, and the food that is eaten. The annual spring floods and the seasonal changes most likely caused the area surrounding Çatalhöyük to be very fertile and an easy place to grow crops, which would start off the changes in the production in food that would allow people more time for non necessities like art and ancestry. Changes like the switch from clay balls to pots around levels VII and VI, allowed less time to be spent cooking and more time in spent doing none necessary activities. By changing the food that was eaten the Çatalhöyük people also affected their lifestyle. Around level Pre-XII.A and again at level VII the grazing grounds for sheep and goats is widened, this change would affect how much energy and time the Çatalhöyük people would need to invest to get access to their meat. The first change at Pre-XII.A coincides with a decrease in pig and deer meat being brought onto the site, possibly because the wid...
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Changes in food production, tools, and home all would greatly affect the Çatalhöyük people and would direct their lives to a more productive society. Changes in food production and preparation allow for more time spent in other tasks, like specialization in tool production, and specialization in tool production increases community ties. The entire settlement of Çatalhöyük becomes more interconnected. With a more interconnected society that focuses on ancestry and history the Çatalhöyük people became more likely to continue settlement. All of these important changes are occurring mostly in the VII to V levels of Çatalhöyük.
Works Cited
Ian Hodder, “The Leopard’s Tale Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük,” (London: Thames and Hudson, 2011), 44.
James Mellaart, “Çatalhöyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia,” (London: Thames and Hudson, 1967), 52.
Scholars, who study these things, notice a duality in the culture, i.e. good and bad, men, and women, and so on and so forth. This book also discusses things such as who are their descendants and the use of treasure maps to discover new things. Concepts such as who the descendants are and using treasure maps to discover new things. This book was an easy read, in fact, the chapters flew by pretty quick, because they flew by quickly, I often had to re-read some sections. By making this book an easy read, Pauketat does a good job of not assuming that anyone knows about the Cahokian culture. He does however, does an excellent job of explaining things in detail. Overall, I would highly recommend this book to anyone wanting to learn about a Native American culture.
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During what is referred to as the historic time period there was not enough water to support the agriculture, this caused many people to move to
Hooker, R. (1999). Mesopotamia. Washington State University - Pullman, Washington. Retrieved April 15, 2011, from http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/MESO.HTM
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Quapaw, Osage, and Caddo have many similarities as well as differences. For example: their religion, food acquisition, food production, and social structure. In this essay, there will be comparisons between the tribes as well as distinctive differences in each tribe. In this paper, information about these tribes will be further explored.
Located in Turkey and discovered in 1961 by a team of British archaeologists, is the site of one of the world’s first farming communities. Çatal Hüyük means “forked mound” in Turkish, which was how their settlement looked. Based on specialized historians, the settlement of Çatal Hüyük, was created around 7,500 BCE. The civilization once housed about 5,000 people. How could so many people live close together at a time when most people still lived as hunters and gatherers? The answer is agriculture. Agriculture provided a way for people to live in large groups without the need to travel great distances to gather food. To use agriculture, people first had to domesticate plants and animals. To domesticate means to train something to be useful to people. And the people at Çatal Hüyük learned to plant seeds and care for edible, or safe to be eaten, plants like wheat, barley, and peas. They also learned to domesticate animals such as wild goats, cattle, and sheep. Furthermore, settlements began due to agriculture and domestication. Houses were built of brick and were arranged side-by-side like a honeycomb to defend the city from attack. There were no streets in Çatal Hüyük and no doors on the houses. People entered their homes from the roof, by climbing down ladders. All of homes in Çatal Hüyük were the same size and shape. Near the ladder, there was a fireplace and an oven for heating and cooking. Çatal Hüyük was the first settlement in the world that developed
Gates, Charles. Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome. London: Routledge, 2003. Print.
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Porter, Barbara Nevling. "Sacred Trees, Date Palms, and the Royal Persona of Ashurnasirpal II." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 52, no. 2 (1993): 129-39.
Damrosch, David, and David Pike. The Longman Anthology of World Literature. The Ancient World. Volume C. Second Edition. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2009. Print.