This document highlights the topics required by Project 2 – Research – Memory Management and Virtual Memory for Operating Systems class of 2014. This paper is presenting a case study of Microsoft’s Windows 7 64 Bit Professional Operating System.
2. Memory
2.1 Description:
The main memory is the central hub where all programs are executed. It consists of a large array of bytes, each with its own address. The amount of main memory is a limiting factor in a computer system, the more memory we have, the more addressable space the Operating System has, increasing the number of programs that can be executed and how much information is ready to be put into execution. When the instructions are ready to be executed, the scheduler sends them to the CPU. This process can take more than one transition between the memory and the processor. The memory unit acknowledges only a stream of memory addresses, it has no understanding on how they are generated or what their purposes are.
2.2 Physical Memory:
Most current Operating systems today support 64 bit addressing, that includes our case study, Windows 7 x64 Professional. Hardware and software limitations of
32 bit chips which are constrained to a maximum of 2 GB user addressable or 4 GB of RAM access, sped up this transition. A 64-bit chip addressing space is increased to 2^64 bytes of RAM and can greatly increase system performance and the way programs can be written without having to take in consideration the above constraints.
- Windows 7 Professional 64 bit has a limit of 192 GB in addressing space.
2.3 Virtual memory:
Virtual memory is a memory management technique implemented with the help of both hardware and software. It maps memory addresses used by a program, called virtual addre...
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...e is assigned an age value consisting of three bits that determines the age of a page thus helping the operating system to decide which memory page can be discarded from the physical memory. The reference counter used in the aging algorithm and the way it is used ensure that pages referenced more recently, though less frequently referenced, will have higher priority over pages more frequently referenced in the past: thus, when a page needs to be swapped out, the page with the lowest counter will be chosen.
3. Conclusion:
Windows 7 is the first widely adopted 64 bit Operating System in the Microsoft family. It addressed a lot of security issues and greatly improved performance and some of the features from its predecessors. It has matured to a stable and reliable Operating System and holds the majority stake of being installed on most personal computers worldwide.
Windows hardware’s has played a vital role in current technology of computer era. Computer application has significantly changed the workloads and manual records and information keeping has been significantly managed easily. This has been tremendously associated with the respective improvements with the software and hardware application development and Windows Xp and windows 7 have been most powerful operating system used by many computer applicants and users.
Using server virtualization to concurrently run various operating system environments on one physical server these issues can be resolved, which enables concurrent improvement by performing analysis of multiple environments. In addition to that, when development and test environments can be encapsulated and saved, the process of reconfiguration will become simple.
Main memory size is 256 bytes. Each byte has a unique 8-bit address consisting of an integer in the range 00 (hexadecimal) to FF (hexadecimal).
The EEPROM chip can store up to one kilobytes of data and is divided into 64 words with 16 bits each. Some memory is inaccessible or reserved for later us...
"Success is a lousy teacher. It seduces smart people into thinking they can't lose." -Bill Gates (Bill 1). Microsoft Windows, as of October 2013, is used by approximately 85 percent of all laptops and desktops worldwide (StatCounter 1). The Windows operating system is the pride and joy of the programmer, inventor, and co-founder of Microsoft, William Henry Gates III. His impact on the world has been astronomical resulting in many advancements in science and technology that just wouldn’t have been possible without him. In order to fully understand his significance and influence in the world, one must be knowledgeable of his background, the critics view of his most famous achievement, and must have a discussion about his impact and importance in the modern world.
Windows: Microsoft’s best product yet, Windows. Although, some may predict it to die out, the operation system is doing well. At the time of the article windows 7 came out and they were getting ready for the overhaul of windows 8. Today, the latest version of windows, Windows 10, and seems to be their most successful version yet. Its running on 300 million devices and on track with meeting its goal on 1 billion by July
As the internet is becoming faster and faster, an operating system (OS) is needed to manage the data in computers. An Operating system can be considered to be a set of programed codes that are created to control hardware such as computers. In 1985 Windows was established as an operating system and a year earlier Mac OS was established, and they have dominated the market of the computer programs since that time. Although, many companies have provided other operating systems, most users still prefer Mac as the most secured system and windows as it provides more multiple functions. This essay will demonstrate the differences between windows
In the WMM memory is considered an active process and not just a passive store of information, unlike the MSM.
Instruction fetch is done via small and fast memory block known as Instruction cache. The reason for using small and fast memory is to reduce latency. Instruction cache also stores recently executed instructions making the instruction fetch more efficient. All the instructions to be fetched are stored in this memory and are fetched by the program counter. Program counter is used to search the instructions. If the desired instruction is found, then it is termed as cache hit or else it is a cache miss. We all are familiar that superscalar processors execute multiple instructions per cycle. Hence the fetch should be fast enough to fetch multiple instructions from the cache. As a solution to this we separate data cache and instruction cache. Number of instructions fetch should be higher than instructions executed per cycle in order to compensate for cache miss.
Recent data shows that 78% of computer users use Microsoft Windows as their primary operating system. Microsoft has also just released a new operating system known as Vista that competes primarily with Apple’s Mac OSX.
The debate over whether or not the design|architecture} design or the CISC architecture is best has been occurring for several years. whether or not design|architecture} design with its tiny however economical instruction set or the CISC architecture with its massive and straightforward to use instruction set is best has been arduous to work out. during a time once new chips ar free nearly monthly, corporations wish to create certain they need the sting over the competition. they require their chips to be designed with speed in mind. several chips have used either the Reduced Instruction Set pc or the advanced Instruction Set pc since the start of the pc era however whether or not one is best has ne'er been a clear-cut issue. They each have strengths and weaknesses. we tend to ar progressing to discuss the advantages and downsides of every design and verify that is that the higher design.
Virtualization technologies provide isolation of operating systems from hardware. This separation enables hardware resource sharing. With virtualization, a system pretends to be two or more of the same system [23]. Most modern operating systems contain a simplified system of virtualization. Each running process is able to act as if it is the only thing running. The CPUs and memory are virtualized. If a process tries to consume all of the CPU, a modern operating system will pre-empt it and allow others their fair share. Similarly, a running process typically has its own virtual address space that the operating system maps to physical memory to give the process the illusion that it is the only user of RAM.
The MMX technology introduces new general-purpose instructions. These instructions operate in parallel on multiple data elements packed into 64-bit quantities. They perform arithmetic and logical operations on the different data types. These instructions accelerate the performance of applications with compute-intensive algorithms that perform localized, recurring operations on small native data. This includes applications such as motion video, combined graphics with video, image processing, audio synthesis, speech synthesis and compression, telephony, video conferencing, 2D graphics, and 3D graphics
Virtual memory is an old concept. Before computers utilized cache, they used virtual memory. Initially, virtual memory was introduced not only to extend primary memory, but also to make such an extension as easy as possible for programmers to use. Memory management is a complex interrelationship between processor hardware and operating system software. For virtual memory to work, a system needs to employ some sort of paging or segmentation scheme, or a combination of the two. Nearly all implementations of virtual memory divide a virtual address space into pages, which are blocks of contiguous virtual memory addresses. On the other hand, some systems use segmentation instead of paging. Segmentation divides virtual address spaces into variable-length segments. Segmentation and paging can be used together by dividing each segment into pages.
According to the dictionary, Memory is defined as a device that is used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each binary digit (or "bit") may be stored by any physical system that can be in either of two stable states, to represent 0 and 1. Such a system is called bistable. This could be an on-off switch, an electrical capacitor that can store or lose a charge, a magnet with its polarity up or down, or a surface that can have a pit or not. Today capacitors and transistors, functioning as tiny electrical switches, are used for temporary storage, and either disks or tape with a magnetic coating, or plastic discs with patterns of pits are used for long-term storage.(Dictionary.com 20014)