Per the hypothesis, most of the results in the lab are in accordance with the expected results. It was expected that the subjects drinking caffeine, diet caffeine free soda, and 16 ml/Kg of water would have a higher rate of production than the control group drinking 7.5 ml/Kg of water due to less water being reabsorbed. Results showed an increase in rate of production, most notably in subjects drinking diet caffeine free soda but seemed to decrease towards the end. For the rest of the subjects, the data shows a gradual rise over time with every subject (besides caffeine free) having a higher rate of production than the control group. The subjects drinking caffeine free soda were the only ones to record a lower rate of production than the control group. This could be due to an increase in glucose reabsorption causing water to follow back into the blood stream. The lack of caffeine does not hinder ADH secretion, which will cause an increased permeability to water in the collecting …show more content…
Its value is usually around the 1.00. Thus, as urine becomes more concentrated, specific gravity will become higher. Specific gravity was expected to gradually decrease as urine becomes diluted and less water is reabsorbed. The value was not expected to change much, staying somewhere around the value of 1.00 for each subject. The results were in accordance with the hypothesis as all subjects specific gravity had slightly decreased over the 90-minute time period, staying within close proximity of 1.00. The subjects with the greatest change were the ones drinking 16 ml/Kg of water as urine seemed to be diluted most in this group. The graph shows that specific gravity of subjects drinking caffeine free soda had an initial increase then decreases at the end. Each group drinking varying amounts of water had the lowest average of specific gravity showing that dilution of urine can affect the value of specific
Briefly describe an alternative technique that could be used to measure the amount of glucose within sports drinks. (5 points)
The subject was then asked to perform the same steps as last week in addition to getting their blood lactate taken before activity begins and again at every increase in incline. These processes were performed the following week as well, but the test subject was given a concoction that contained 250 mg of caffeine. This study was a double blind study in which the instructors, nor the subjects knew when the test subject was given caffeine. By having a double blind study all biases for how the data should turn out were eliminated. In addition, the professors, the test subject, and the research group were unable to skew the data because they were unaware of when the subject got the
Planaria are commonly known as flatworms. These flatworms have sensory organs which allow them to detect light using eyespots (Planaria,2017). The eyespots contain receptors that are highly sensitive to light stimuli causing planaria to prefer darkness. Planaria do not have lungs nor gills. Oxygen enters their bodies through membrane diffusion. Although planaria are just worms, their body react very similar to that of humans when injected with certain drugs or stimulants. One overused and highly popular stimulant is caffeine. Caffeine is known to increase individual’s energy and physical activity which makes them more alert of the surroundings. This observation leads to the question of how different concentrations of caffeine would affect planaria’s
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Caffeine is a very interesting chemical. Caffeine is found in many places including coffee plant, tea leaves, kola nuts and cocoa (1). Humans then process these plants into food stuff that contains caffeine such as tea, coffee and chocolate. Caffeine is composed of 14 atoms with a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2. It is one of the few central nervous system stimulants still legal in most countries (2). The chemical name for caffeine is 1-methyltheobromine (2).
The results of the experiment indicate that the initial hypothesis was acceptable as the higher the caffeine concentration, the higher the heart rate of the Daphnia. The results do not show this link in all cases; this could be down to temperature rise because of the heat produced by the microscope lamp, leading to the heart rate of the Daphnia increasing. This could explain the results for the 0.2% caffeine concentration.
9. Zaharieva, D. P., & Riddell, M. C. (2013). Caffeine and glucose homeostasis during rest and exercise in diabetes mellitus. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 38(8), 813-822.
Tarnopolsky, Mark. (1999) Gender Differences in Metabolism: Practical and nutritional implications; Caffeine. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 155-200
Random and systematic errors are both factors that can affect the reliability and accuracy of the results respectively. As all the graphs contained outliers, and hence, scatter, this indicates that random errors were present. Such errors may result from the inconsistent masses of the Alka Seltzer tablets. As these tablets were cut manually with a knife, it is unlikely that the mass of each half of an Alka Seltzer tablet would be the same. Thus, when using the tablets to react with HCl, the true number of tablets reacting would have not been the same as the number denoted for the trial, and with each repeated trial for the same number of tablets reacting, the reacting mass and ratio would have not been inconsistent. Consequently, the
...e that negated some or all of the impact of the caffeine. 5) Test method variation (for blood or urinary tests) was not a factor. No data was given indicating the reproducibility of the test methods used.
There are several causes to elderly dehydration, which can be broken down into four groups: physiological factors, psychological factors, functional impairments, and mechanical impairments. (Hamilton, 2001) The physiological factors are: natural 10% body fluid loss, diminish of taste making food less appetizing and adding salt for flavor, thirst diminishes, medications that are diuretics or laxatives, and draining wounds. (Hamilton 2001) The caffeine in coffee and soda, the theophylline in tea, and the throbromine in cocoa, all raise blood pressure along with increase production and elimination of urine. (Vasey, 2002) Alcohol, on the other hand, dries out the mucous membrane causing sclerosis. (Vasey, 2002) Diarrhea, vomiting, or febrile illness also contributes to elderly dehydration. (Moore, 2005) The psychological factors are: depression which contributes to loss of appetite, purposefully decrease fluid to reduce bathroom trips. (Hamilton, 2001) The functional impairments are: coma, paralysis and N.P.O (Nothing Per Orem) patients. (Hamilton, 2001) Elderly individuals with disabilities such as: visual, cognitive or motor impairment may need assists with water intake. (Kavanaugh, 2000) Tubal feeding may need additional water in the nutr...
Drinking Diet Coke leads to reduced calorie intake, which in turn, does not cause weight gain. The marketers of Coca Cola illustrate this in their most recent advertisement. Coca Cola 's "Regret Nothing" advertisement for Diet Coke presents a snapshot of two women who appear to be at a pool party. This is apparent because they are sitting on the side of a pool laughing as someone splashes them. The viewer can assume that the weather is warm and pleasant by the amount of skin that the girls ' dresses show and the fact that they are in a pool. It is evident that the two women are having a good time by their expressions. The marketing department of Coca Cola uses multiple visual aids to suggest that if an individual drinks Diet Coke, he or she
It was expected that the participants who ingested glucose and rested, to have their blood sugars elevate and slowly return to the normal range. Blood sugars will rise because the glucose isn’t being used, the glucose stays stored and makes blood glucose levels elevate.
Sadowska, Joanna. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CONSUMING AN ENERGY DRINK ON THE CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE AND TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AND ON FATTY TISSUE DEPOSITION. A MODEL STUDY.." 11.3 (2012): 311-318. ebsco. Web. 11 Mar 2014.
§ This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct into the region of high solute concentration in the medulla. § This produces a smaller volume of more concentrated urine. If the blood has a high water potential (less concentrated), it is detected and less ADH is secreted by the pituitary. This decrease in the amount of ADH in the bloodstream result in the following: § The distil convoluted tubule and the collecting duct becomes less permeable to water. § Less water is reabsorbed into the medulla.