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Pathophysiology of copd
Severe copd case study
Severe copd case study
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
It was a clear and calm morning, you decide to go for a run at your favorite park. As you finish up your run you notice an old man in his 60’s sitting on a bench have trouble breathing. You went over to help him and he said to you, “I don’t need your help, I have COPD and I never smoked.” As you walk off, you started to think how is this possible. What is COPD and can anyone get it? After reading this paper you understand the diagnosis, treatment of COPD, pathophysiology of COPD. What is COPD? COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic lung disease that makes it hard to breath. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease changes patient’s everyday lifestyles.
Are treatment of COPD treatable?
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According to COPD Foundation, “Most cases of COPD are caused by inhaling pollutants; that includes smoking (cigarettes, pipes, cigars, etc.), and second-hand smoke. Fumes, chemicals and dust found in many work environments are contributing factors for many individuals who develop COPD. Genetics can also play a role in an individual’s development of COPD—even if the person has never smoked or has ever been exposed to strong lung irritants in the workplace.” They would think they just have a common cold not knowing the development of COPD. Many people may not know some of the symptoms such shortness of breath and constant coughing. As the cough and shortness of breath continue the doctor will order a pulmonary function test and a chest x-ray. The pulmonary function test is a procedure that shows the amount of air that is breathe in and out and the way the lungs deliver oxygen to the body. A chest x-ray is order to show if exist of emphysema which is one of the main causes of COPD and can eliminate all other lung problems or heart problems. Checking for emphysema is important the alveoli in the lungs will be over inflated which constriction in lung function. In x-rays emphysema easily seen if the patient smokes or has long- term exposure to certain industrial dust or pollutants. Most COPD patients suffer from anxiety, depression or
R.S. has chronic bronchitis. According to the UC San Francisco Medical Center “Chronic bronchitis is a common type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the air passages in the lungs — the bronchi — are repeatedly inflamed, leading to scarring of the bronchi walls. As a result, excessive amounts of sticky mucus are produced and fill the bronchial tubes, which become thickened, impeding normal airflow through the lungs.” (Chronic Bronchitis 2015) There are many things that can be observed as clinical findings. R.S. will have a chronic cough that has lasted from 3 months to two years or more, and a lot of sputum. The sputum is due to
Mrs. Jones has a history of COPD. She was already taking albuterol for her illness and it was ineffective when she took it that day. Mrs. Jones had been a smoker but had quit several years ago. According to Chojnowski (2003), smoking is a major causative factor in the development of COPD. Mrs. Jones's primary provider stated that she had a mixed type of COPD. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) was established to address the growing problem of COPD. The GOLD standards identify three conditions that contribute to the structural changes found in COPD: Chronic bronchiolitis, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. A mixed diagnosis means that the patient has a combination of these conditions (D., Chojnowski, 2003). Mrs. Jones chronically displayed the characteristic symptoms of COPD. "The characteristic symptoms are cough, sputum production, dyspnea on exertion, and decreased exercise tolerance." (D., Chojnowski, 2003, p. 27).
Introduction BiPAP is a form of noninvasive mechanical ventilation used in patients with acute respiratory failure. Many of these patients go on noninvasive ventilation due to COPD exacerbations that are infectious, with congestive heart failure, and ventilator parameters based on their clinical assessment and changes in arterial blood gases. Two different studies were conducted on COPD patients, using a BiPAP machine to improve exacerbations and their activities of daily living. There are many positive outcomes for using these noninvasive ventilators, however when used incorrectly, negative outcomes or no changes at all are always possible. Positive Use for COPD Exacerbations
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is a group of progressive lung diseases that block airflow and make it hard to breathe. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the most common types of COPD (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p 557). Primary symptoms include coughing, mucus, chest pain, shortness of breath, and wheezing (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p.557). COPD develops slowly and worsens over time if not treated during early stages. The disease has no cure, but medication and disease management can slow its progress and make one feel better (NIH, 2013)
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
The simple act of breathing is often taken for granted. As an automated function sustaining life, most of us do not have to think about the act of breathing. However, for many others, respiratory diseases make this simple act thought consuming. Emphysema is one such disease taking away the ease, but instead inflicting labored breathing and a hope for a cure.
The functioning of the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is that it has a permanent decrease in the ability to force air out of the lungs. Consequently, it causes emphysema to become a more advanced disease with no cure. Emphysema is known for their permanent enlargement of the alveoli, which are accompanied by the destruction of the alveolar walls. The lungs lose their elasticity, so it loses its ability to recoil passively during expiration. People who have emphysema becomes exhausted fast because they need about fifteen to twenty percent of their body energy to breath which is more than what a healthy person needs. Smoking inhibits and destroys cilia in the conducting zone structures, which is the line of defense for the respiratory system.
Emphysema is one of the several diseases identified as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The leading cause of emphysema is smoking. The discussion will relate to the case study of COPD/Emphysema with the normal function and dysfunctions of the respiratory system, test used to diagnose emphysema, medications used to treat the disease and nursing interventions to help manage the disease.
He explained to me that my emphysema was a direct cause of my prolonged smoking. Although, it can be caused by the lack of an inherited protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, which protects the elastic structures (alveoli) in the lungs. He also said that air pollution, manufacturing fumes, and second hand smoke could have an impact but my history of smoking was most likely to blame. In order to have full comprehension of my disease, I asked my doctor to elaborate on the anatomy of the lung
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in this assignment will be referred to as COPD; it is a term for collective chronic lung conditions
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma and bronchiectasis. COPD is a known to increase breathlessness, frequent coughing, wheezing, and tightness in the chest. Many patients are unaware of their symptoms and spend years not knowing that they are COPD patients. In the begging COPD may cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms, but as the years pass and the disease gets worse symptoms are usually more severe. One common test to test for COPD is the spirometry test. COPD is so common it affects almost 30 million people in the U.S. COPD can be developed from inhaling pollutants, which includes smoking and second-hand smoke. Fumes, chemicals, and dust are also some reasons people develop COPD. Genetics is also one of the big reasons many patients develop COPD. COPD mostly affects people at the age of 40 and older who are mostly smokers. There is no cure for COPD, only treatments to relieve symptoms and to keep the disease from getting worse. One example of a COPD patient, is Mrs. S who is a 65 years old man with COPD, but Mr. S has never been treated for COPD. Meaning
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is preventable disease that has a detrimental effects on both the airway and lung parenchyma (Nazir & Erbland, 2009). COPD categorises emphysema and chronic bronchitis, both of which are characterised by a reduced maximum expiratory flow and slow but forced emptying of the lungs (Jeffery 1998). The disease has the one of the highest number of fatalities in the developed world due to the ever increasing amount of tobacco smokers and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014). Signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of the disease include a productive cough, wheezing, dyspnoea and predisposing risk factors (Edelman et al., 1992). The diagnosis of COPD is predominantly based on the results of a lung function assessment (Larsson, 2007). Chronic bronchitis is differentiated from emphysema by it's presentation of a productive cough present for a minimum of three months in two consecutive years that cannot be attributed to other pulmonary or cardiac causes (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014) (Viegi et al., 2007). Whereas emphysema is defined pathologically as as the irreversible destruction without obvious fibrosis of the lung alveoli (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014) (Veigi et al., 2007).It is common for emphysema and chronic bronchitis to be diagnosed concurrently owing to the similarities between the diseases (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014).
The respiratory system has six major areas that works together that allows the body to breathe, prevent choking, and not to allow harmful debris to enter the respiratory system are some of the functions that the respiratory system does. The respiratory system is divided into two regions, the upper and lower respiratory. The upper respiratory consists of the Nose (nasal) and Pharynx while the lower respiratory embodies the rest of the system which includes the Larynx, Trachea, Bronchioles and Lungs. The information provided will be done by three individuals the upper respiratory tract will be provided by Mr. David Brown, the lower respiratory tract will be given by Ms. Brianna Agee and the infectious diseases will be provided by Mr. Derrek Woods.
Today there are various treatment options for those that suffer from mild, moderate, and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Staging COPD is the first step in treatment and in order to make a proper diagnosis physicians use the GOLD standard. GOLD stands for Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and this staging method uses forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to classify the varying severities of COPD. FEV1 greater than 80% of their total exhaled breath or forced vital capacity (FVC) is considered to be mild, between 50% and 80% is moderate, between 30% and 50% is severe, and less than 30% is very severe. These are also signified by stages, stage I being the best and stage IV being the worst (Spencer and Hanania 2013). Once the severity of COPD has been discussed and tested for, treatment options can then be assessed.
Vijayan, V. K. (2013). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian Journal Of Medical Research, 137(2), 251-269.