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Broken Window Theory essay
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The broken windows theory essay
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Broken Windows Theory
In 1982, authors James Wilson and George Kelling present their seminal article entitled “Broken Windows”. The article posits that there is essentially a chain of events that leads to an increase in the occurrence of serious crimes. Specifically, Wilson and Kelling argue that social disorder (e.g., public drunkenness, prostitution, and aggressive panhandling) and physical disorder (e.g., abandoned buildings, trash and graffiti) lead to a decrease in informal social control, urban decay and ultimately, a rise in serious crimes. In order to combat the rise in serious crimes, Broken Window theory hypothesizes that if police officers engage in order-maintenance policing it will lead to a decrease in serious crimes. Order-maintenance
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Research also supports use of order-maintenance policing in communities were members view their neighborhoods as orderly (Gau & Pratt, 2010). Additionally, informing communities of planned crackdowns (CITATION HERE), tailoring crime reduction efforts to the specific types of crime the police are trying to reduce(NEED CITATION), cultivating a working relationship between the community and police officers (Committee to Review Research on Practice and Policy, 2004) and informing citizens of the reason for increase police activity (NEED CITATION) are effective strategies for the application of aggressive order-maintenance …show more content…
City administrators’ concerns about the citizens’ increase in fearfulness of crime and the application of a broken windows approach not significantly reducing crime will be addressed. Additionally, the police administrators’ idea to apply a broken windows approach to the worst neighborhoods in the community will be addressed and a final recommendation for use of the broken windows approach will be presented.
The Publics’ Concern
In my opinion, the publics’ concern about the negative impact taking a broken windows approach to crime reduction is a quite reasonable. In many communities taking a broken windows approach has been associated with ------------?. It does usallly have a negative impact especially the relations between police and the community---seen as a outside aggressor etc.
City Administrators’ Concerns It won’t significantly reduce crime in the city because BW theory hasn’t been shown to reduce serious crimes such as the violent and property crimes exhibited in this city. Also, BW theory has a strong and significant association with an increase in fearfulness in
According to Kelling, Pate, Dieckman, & Brown (1974), patrol is the “backbone” of police work. This belief is based around the premise that the mere presence of police officers on patrol prohibits criminal activity. Despite increasing budgets and the availability of more officers on the streets, crime rates still rose with the expanding metropolitan populations (Kelling et al., 1974). A one year experiment to determine the effectiveness of routine preventive patrol would be conducted, beginning on the first day of October 1972, and ending on the last day of September 1973.
Areas such as skid-row are filled with people that are without the ability to function in normal society, and simply the fact that they exist is offensive to those that do operate within the normal realms of a community (Bittner, 1967). Due to the primitive nature of those individuals living in these chaotic areas, most officers feel it is necessary to enclose the area in which the behaviors occur to keep it from assimilating with “normal” society. The necessity to contain the areas similar to skid-row is the responsibility of the police, and with few governing superiors to mandate guidelines and the large amount of discretion allotted to police, they assume the peace keeping role and abandon the role of enforcer (Bittner, 1967). Maintaining peace is a difficult task in itself because of the uncontrolled way of life in skid-row. Therefore, it is by focusing on maintaining order and protecting the outside normalcy from skid-row inhabitants (Bittner, 1967) that officers use tactics where they choose non-enforcement, or make a decision to ignore a violation (Brown, 1981). According to Brown (1981), ignoring offenses brings with it a bartering situation between the ...
Kelling created Broken Window Policing to maintain clean and organized neighborhoods in order to decrease possible crimes. Kelling designed the theory using vague language, which allowed for multiple interpretations when designing broken window policing. Instead of reducing crime rates, this policy over criminalized small crimes. The results of broken window policing did not meet Kelling’s expectations, which resulted in him blaming the negative results of the policy on bad policing. But the negative outcomes of the policy did not arise from just bad policing; Kelling’s broken window policing opened the door for discriminatory practices, and fed the prison system. Not only is the policy problematic, but it has not lead to a decrease in crime
The Philadelphia and Newark foot patrol experiments were both determined to be a success in the target area, because they both were able to deter crime. The Philadelphia experiment prevented 90 violent crimes around the target area (Ratcliffe et al. 2011). The operation Impact experiment did not experience a positive or negative effect .The errors encountered in the Newark study are the reasons why the Philadelphia experiment was more successful, because they focused on the objectives the Newark, New Jersey experiment was unable to complete and gain positive results on deterring crime in the targeted area.
Hot spot policing is based on the idea that some criminal activities occur in particular areas of a city. According to researchers crime is not spread around the city instead is concentrated in small places where half of the criminal activities occur (Braga chapter 12). Also, many studies has demonstrated that hot spots do show significant positive results suggesting that when police officers put their attention on small high crime geographic areas they can reduce criminal activities ( Braga, papachristo & hureau I press). According to researchers 50% of calls that 911 center received are usually concentrated in less than 5% of places in a city (Sherman, Gartin, & Buerger, 1989; Weisburd, Bushway, Lum, &Yang, 2004). That is the action of crime is often at the street and not neighborhood level. Thus police can target sizable proportion of citywide crime by focusing in on small number of high crime places (see Weisburd & Telep, 2010). In a meta-analysis of experimental studies, authors found significant benefits of the hot spots approach in treatment compared to control areas. They concluded that fairly strong evidence shows hot spots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy (Braga (007) .Importantly, there was little evidence to suggest that spatial displacement was a major concern in hot spots interventions. Crime did not simply shift from hot spots to nearby areas (see also Weisburd et al., 2006).
Unfocused and indiscriminate enforcement actions will produce poor relationships between the police and community members residing in areas. Law enforcement should adopt alternative approaches to controlling problem areas, tracking hot persons, and preventing crime in problem regions. Arresting criminal offenders is the main police function and one of the most valuable tools in an array of responses to crime plagued areas, however hot spots policing programs infused with community and problem oriented policing procedures hold great promise in improving police and community relations in areas suffering from crime and disorder problems and developing a law enforcement service prepared to protect its nation from an act of
In 1982, the political scientist James Q. Wilson and the criminologist George Kelling psychologist, both Americans, published in The Atlantic Monthly in a study that for the first time, established a causal link between disorder and crime. In that study, called The Police and Neighborhood Safety, the authors used the image of broken windows to explain how the disorder and criminality could slowly seep into a community, causing its decline and the consequent drop in quality of life. Wilson and Kelling argued that if a window in a factory or an office was broken and was not repaired immediately, people who pass through there would conclude that no one cared about that locality. In other words, the people would believe that there is no responsible authority for the maintenance of order in that place. a move to mass incarceration or a nationwide clemency policy, a large-scale shift to more targeted policing patterns, etc. ), shifts in the distribution or composition of the population (e.g. immigration trends), disruption of wide-spread illicit drug distribution paths, and events that significantly modify a nation’s perception of its government’s legitimacy”.
There have been many contributors when it came to tackling anti-social behaviour and preventing crime however, the most influential contributors are Wilson and Kelling. They came up with the theory of broken window which will be further explain in this essay. This essay will outline the broken window theory, as well as explain what is meant by broken window. Finally it will give examples that exemplify the broken window theory. (Maguire, Morgan and Reiner, 2012)
Third, problem-oriented policing entails a greater and closer involvement by the public in police work. Communities must be consulted to ensure that police are addressing the...
The field of criminology has produced multiple theories, each that shaped the perception of how crimes occur in a neighborhood and by viewing these various impressions this can help explain why crimes occur. However, four criminological theories have developed the different perspectives of researchers and outlooks of the field. These approaches have enhanced society by allowing it to analyze crime by establishing an empirical foundation that way to assess which approach is most useful and regulate the difference between a good theory and a bad theory. Every method experiences level of criticisms from either researchers or public policies, however, the focus is only based on four principles that way there can be an assessment to decide which approach is viewed as right or wrong. In order, to determine which approach can be considered a good theory versus a bad theory there needs to be essential elements that give support for each theory. There needs to be criticism, however, with enough empirical evidence that can determine which
Wilson, J. (1978). Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight American Communities. American Journal of Sociology, 75(1), 160-162
The 1990s was an era in American history that has been studied by criminologists, demographers, criminal justice planners and policy analysts, all with the same goal of trying to explain why there was the largest decline in crime rates since World War II. To understand crime trends and tendencies helps us predict future crime trends. This allows society as a whole to be better prepared to manage and control these trends. Inspector Franklin Zimring, a criminologist has developed theories to help explain these trends.
“Community policing comprises three primary elements, two of which are problem-solving to reduce crime and disorder by addressing their immediate underlying conditions, and implementing associated organizational changes to help ensure that the community policing philosophy can be successfully implemented, sustained, and institutionalized.” (Chapman, 2008) In order to lessen crime in a community, residents must be able to trust and respect the police and also vice versa. If there is no trust or respect given or received there will always be a hostile environment in which the police will not be able to carry out their job properly without citizens obstructing officers. On numerous occasions this leads to more crime and violence in these
Criminology is the study of crime and criminals; a branch of sociology. More accurately, it is the study of crime as a social trend, and its overall origins, its many manifestations and its impact upon society as a whole. That makes it more a form of sociology than a law enforcement tool. But the trends it studies have a huge impact on the way the police do their jobs, the way society treats its criminals, and the way a given community goes about maintaining law and order. The writer will describe and give examples of the three perspectives of viewing crimes. The perspectives that will be highlighted are the consensus view, the conflict view or the interactionist view. Each perspective maintain its own interpretation of what constitutes criminal activities and what causes people to engage in criminal behaviors (Siegel, p.12).