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Rail roads and modernization of the 19th century in America
Rail roads and modernization of the 19th century in America
Rail roads and modernization of the 19th century in America
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The city of Bombay originally consisted of seven islands, namely Colaba, Mazagaon, Old Woman's Island, Wadala, Mahim, Parel, and Matunga-Sion. This group of islands, which have since been joined together by a series of reclamations, formed part of the kingdom of Ashoka, the famous Emperor of India.
After his death, these islands passed into the hands of various Hindu rulers until 1343. In that year, the Mohammedans of Gujerat took possession and the Kings of that province of India ruled for the next two centuries. The only vestige (mark) of their dominion over these islands that remains today is the mosque at Mahim.
In 1534 the Portuguese, who already possessed many important trading centers on the western coast, such as Panjim, Daman, and Diu, took Bombay by force of arms from the Mohammedans. This led to the establishment of numerous churches which were constructed in areas where the majority of people were Roman Catholics. There used to be two areas in Bombay called "Portuguese Church". However, only one church with Portuguese-style facade still remains; it is the St. Andrew's church at Bandra. The Portuguese also fortified their possession by building forts at Sion, Mahim, Bandra, and Bassien which, although in disrepair, can still be seen. They named their new possession as "Bom Baia" which in Portuguese means "Good Bay".
Sir George Oxenden became the first British Governor of the islands, and was succeeded later by Mr. Gerald Aungier who made Bombay more populous by attracting Gujerati traders, Parsi ship-builders, and Muslim and Hindu manufacturers from the mainland. He fortified defenses by constructing the Bombay Castle (the Fort, since then vanished except for a small portion of the wall) and provided stability by constituting courts of law.
Between 1822 and 1838, cattle from the congested fort area used to graze freely at the Camp Maidan (now called Azad Maidan), an open ground opposite the Victoria Terminus. In 1838, the British rulers introduced a 'grazing fee' which several cattle-owners could not afford. Therefore, Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy spent Rs. 20,000 from his own purse for purchasing some grasslands near the seafront at Thakurdwar and saw that the starving cattle grazed without a fee in that area. In time the area became to be known as "Charni" meaning grazing. When a railway station on the BB&CI railway was constructed there it was called Charni Road.
The Zoroastrian Towers of Silence on Malabar hill were built by Seth Modi Hirji Vachha in 1672.
The Great Mahele was the division of land created by Kamehameha III in 1848. There are four parts in the Great Mahele, and the parts of the division belonged to the king, the ali’i, the maka’ainana, the foreigners, and whoever wanted to buy land, bought land. The Mahele was created because Kamehameha III was afraid that the foreigners who had a lot of power, would take over all of the Hawaiian Islands. Previously on the islands of Tahiti, the French had taken over by force and Kamehameha III was worried the same would happen to them. The Mahele was an unjustified act because first, the foreigners treated the Hawaiians unfairly, secondly the property of the Hawaiians was destroyed, and lastly the Hawaiians were short on supplies to live (Borreca).
island became known as Gibbet Island. The Indians sold it to the Dutch East India
James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India. New York: St. Martin's, 1998. Print.
First, the British were building 10,000 miles of railroad track which gave Indians jobs (Lalvani). On the other side, that railroad track was used to extract raw materials from India and flood their markets with British textiles (Doc #3, Gandhi) This means that even though they were getting paid to build the railroad, it wasn’t enough to cover the costs of all the raw materials that they were losing to the British. Secondly, the British claimed that they were the world’s largest employer with a staggering 1.6 million workers on the railroad (Lalvani). In reality, they raised taxes on the Indians which forced them to replace their food crops with cash crops such as indigo, which was not wanted at the time. This happened during many famines and caused the death of over 58 million Indians (Doc #7). This is important because the Indians simply didn’t make enough money to support their families, so they died of
C.A.Bayly, Indian Society: and the making of the British Empire,(Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1998
Wink, A. 1990. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th -11th Centuries. 2nd Rev. Edn. Leiden: Brill.
Russell-Wood, A. J. R. Portuguese empire, 1415-1808 a world on the move. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1998. Print.
When the British wanted to take over the East India, they had to take control of the Indian
India was where the riches of the world came from, the jewel in the crown of the British Empire. The British needed to dispel the threat of other Europeans in Africa to maintain control of India, and they did so efficiently. They quickly gained control of both the major sea routes to India and then turned their eyes to the rest of the continent. Whether the British were trying to foster public support or prevent another nation from becoming a threat, all British actions in Africa were directly or indirectly linked to India. The British were motivated by their desire to become powerful, and they skillfully combined enterprise and conquest to create a globe spanning empire centered around the wealth of India.
This exchange of European control sparked a two year long “Great Rebellion,” an attempt made by Indians to end the Raj — or British Imperialism. With the help of Indian princes and many other local leaders, the British controlled over 300 million Indians (Insert Internal Citation Here). The Raj was solely used a...
The mutiny, regarded by many as India's first War of Independence, was to have important consequences and the structure of British India was to be re-organised extensively. Increasingly, India came under direct Crown rule as the British East India Company was dispossessed of its functions and, in 1877, Queen Victoria was crowned Empress. Despite the severity of European reprisal as each territory had been regained and its subsequent defensive proposals of military alteration, a measure of conciliation had been introduced to administrative policy. Integration of the higher castes and princes was now considered important, land policy was revised and plans for radical social change were shelved.
1 Moore, Robin J., "Imperial India, 1858-1914", in Porter, Andrew, Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001a, p.422-446,
their colony in Goa by the first decade of the 16th Century but their territorial and commercial hold in India
Today, India is the second most populous country in the world. The culture of India is also among the oldest to survive, reaching back to nearly 5,000 years. India received their inde-pendence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, thus allowing them to become the most populous democracy in the world. There are many aspects as to what makes India unique, one principle in particular is their food. Indian cooking is vivid, exquisite, and simply delicious. It depends on a wide variety of spices, herbs, and grains for its specific taste. The different types of food which India carry include basic spices, traditional foods, and tasty snacks. It is notable that India has been one of the world’s main dealer of spices for at least 3,600 years.
The British invasion formed into a historical development of British colonialism in India. Despite India under the British rule, Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in gaining Independence. He not only changed India but also strongly fought for India's independence, using various strategies. The British Empire ruled as long as they could to reform India both politically and socially.