In the article, “Bonobos Protect and Console Friends and Kin” shows how Bonobos can assist each other and why they tend to show reciprocal help of one another, especially when two or more Bonobos work together to face a problem when solving tasks. The study explores the main possible functions of how bonobos help each other and solve conflicts with some of the Authors’ techniques — which correspond to four hypotheses along with predictions that can be derived from them. The four hypotheses are The Self-Protection Hypothesis, Victim-Protection Hypothesis, Relationship-Repair Hypothesis or Substitute for Reconciliation Hypothesis, and Relationship-Repair Hypothesis and are very essential to the methods used to the conducted study done to determine …show more content…
The data was gathered on various locations such as Apenheul Primate Park, Apeldoorn, and The Netherlands. The bonobos were housed in an enclosure with both an indoor and outdoor facility and were given the privilege to move freely from the indoor to the outdoor enclosure after the first feeding session. Water was available and environmental enrichments were provided in the form of fresh branches, rice, and nuts scattered on the grass to encourage foraging activity, and renewal of the equipment in the indoor facility, which shows the bonobos didn’t have to go through any difficult testing. The researchers tested for three relationship quality categories: Non-kin weak; Non-kin strong; and Kin.
The author and their research team investigated what factors can affect the causation of both spontaneous kinship third party affiliation (engaged and started by the bystander) and solicited third party affiliation (started by the victim). The author considered certain factors related Bonobos features (such as: sex, rank, age) of victim and bystander to achieve unbiased data, their relationship quality (affiliation for kinship), and the effect that a third-party affiliation could have on the Bonobo victim (such as protection against attacks and other harmful
Next of Kin tells the story of a man’s life and how it was forever changed once he was asked to become an assistant for a research project with chimpanzees. The story spans over several decades of work. It is very emotional and telling. The book allows the reader to have an intimate understanding of how the research was conducted, as well as how the world had viewed and treated chimpanzees at the time which Fouts was involved in the Washoe project.
There are contrasts in tool kits used by different groups of chimpanzees, which seem to be a result of the environment in which they live as well as information that is shared by the group. For example, in 1973 it was reported that chimpanzees in Gombe did not use hammer stones, but those of Cape Palmas did. We will explore the tool use of Chimpanzees from the wild, including Gombe, Tai National Forest, and the Congo Basin---and contrast those with Chimpanzees in captivity in locations of Zoo’s both in the United States and abroad.
The first subcategory is called the “Social Learning Theory”, which dictates that a person’s behavior is learned through negative external observations (Siegel & Worrall, 2013, p. 50).
"Primate Social Relationships: Adults and Infants." Primate Social Relationships: Adults and Infants. N.p., Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
Thesis Statement: Despite the rampant protests of animal welfare organizations on encaging primates in zoos since primates typically show abnormal behavior, zoos in the National Capital Region claim that human interaction and enrichment programs help alleviate the stress and trauma primates experience.
When it comes to interacting with the environment tool use by chimpanzees is very vital to differentiating their intelligent within their culture. Chimpanzees are some of the very few unique primates that use a variety of tools which makes them stand out as very proficient tool users besides humans. According to David Watts chimpanzees use the tools to enhance their way of living. “Chimpanzees at several well documented sites mostly use tools in extractive foraging, and extractive tool use can substantially increase their foraging efficiency. They also use tools for hygiene and for several other purposes, including attracting the attention of conspecifics, as in leaf-clipping” (Watts 2008, 83). Subsequently chimpanzees are intellectual enough to alter an object to create a tool, and then use the tool for a precise purpose. Then on the other hand chimpanzees use tools to overcome everyday obstacles. As expressed by Watts chimpanzee toolkits mak...
Quiatt, D., & Reynolds, V. (1993). Primate behaviour: information, social knowledge, and the evolution of culture. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press].
All in all, learning about primates then getting to observe them is very interesting. I got to match the primate’s behaviors written in a book with how they act in person, and see for myself if it was what I expected. Observing them is far more fun than just reading about them, for example while I was sitting with the orangutans there was not a minute that went by where I wasn't smiling or laughing at what each individual ape was doing. Actually seeing certain primates interact with each other whether it be grooming, hugging,or playing, put into perspective just how much they act like humans. By observing and doing research, this will better our understanding between the differences and similarities of non-human primates and ourselves as humans.
A wolf and a leopard is able to be with a little child while the lion eats straw. The image that I see when I read this is one where all these animals are together underneath a tree smiling and playing together. The wolf and leopard are lying next to the child as the child sleeps, the calf and young lion are playing in the distance, and the cow, bear, ox, and lion are all feeding on straws. This unity between cross-species is the pinnacle of coexistence of all species. Dwyer also acknowledges this when he says, “It is a vision of peace where childlike friendliness is validated, allowing for concord among humans and all other animals” (630). Ironically, this is also what humans want. Humans actually desire to be with animals, according to Dwyer and Dr.Bekoff, a professor emeritus of ecology and evolutionary biology (Goode, 1). In Erica Goode’s essay, “Learning from Animal Friendships,” Dr. Bekoff says that, “Humans are craving to be re-wildered. They’re craving to be reconnected to nature” (Goode, 1). For example, we visit zoos in order to be closer to animals, to connect with nature, and the petting zoo exists in order for us to actually physically connect with the animals. However, the zoo is not the only way for humans to connect with animals. This is one of the reason humans keep pets. Human’s relationship with pets is a prime example of the desire to connect with nature. But, as
Chimpanzees portray their emotions through a number of facial expressions and mannerisms. Just like humans, they undergo mood swings, jealous rages, and laughter. For instance, Goodall observed during her research that a male gorilla “would threaten [me] with an upward and backward movement jerk of his head…” Some of their emotions are easy to read, while at other times we have to look at multiple places on their faces to understand their feelings. A chimpanzee also uses its facial expressions and sounds to communicate with each other, such as hoots and yells.
For the purpose of this paper I visited the Los Angeles Zoo, on October 23, 2015. Luckily I was able to visit all of the animals in the short amount of time I had. I primarily stayed at the Gorilla and Chimp exhibit to understand their behaviors and how they act like us.
As stated in the article, “each ape’s social success depends on what other group members are up to, natural selection has favored the capacity for social maneuvers and [superior intelligence]” (2). Natural selection also favors apes because they are not ones to dwell or hold grudges on other apes when they get into feuds. Frans de Waal, a primatologist at the Arnheim Zoo in the Netherlands, shows how natural selection has also promoted the ability to strengthen the relationships of others. In his example, he gives an account of Mama, the most influential female in the colony, who would reconcile other apes after they got into
Chimpanzees (Figure 1) are the closest living relatives to us, and they share 99 percent of our DNA (1). Chimpanzees have distinct group territoriality. Male chimpanzees “patrol” near the boundary between the two ranges, at that time they move very carefully and quietly, and they can cease to listen and observe the range of their neighbors. Patrolling individuals are likely to face cruel and violent attacks, injuries, and even deaths. Intense excitement and aggressive display can occur if the two parties of two communities encounter each other. Usually, the larger group holds its ground, and interaction between different chimpanzees communities may also lead to gang attack. Expanding the community range is necessary to their social organizations, the males cooperation can defend the territory and increase the reproductive rates of the resident females by excluding female and male competitors. Body contact is common in their social life such as grooming (1). Usually, chimpanzees groom each other as a way to show harmony and solidarity in their society (Figure 2). Grooming each other demonstrates the deep bonds and close relationship between them. In addition, they can even hug, hold hands, touch, kiss each other as a way of emotional expression (2).
Syne, A., 2006. Meta-analytic review of the effects of enrichment on stereotypic behavior in zoo mammals. Zoo Biology , 25(4), pp. 317-337.
Izzo, Genevieve N., Meredith J. Bashaw, and John B. Campbell. "Enrichment and Individual Differences Affect Welfare Indicators in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri Sciureus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 125.3 (2011): 347-352. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO Web. 5 Oct. 2011.