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Feminism and advertising
Feminism and advertising
Representation of men and women in mainstream magazines
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Reviere & Byerly- Sexual messages in Black and White: A discourse analysis of Essence and Cosmo
• Reviere and Byerly compared two magazines, Cosmopolitan and Essence. The analysis of this comparison was based on their representation of white and black women on their sexual freedom and how the sex columns are presented in these magazines over a course of three years.
• “The way that women think about and talk about sex in public spaces today have been shaped over the last four decades through what has been deemed “second-wave feminism.” (Reviere 677) “Second-wave feminism”, which as the name states is the second phase of feminism and it started in the 1960’s. This has changed the ways in which women publicly speak about their sex lives, more
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This implies that women want to hear from a man’s point of view because they want to know what they can improve on, rather than reading what women have to say because they are only guessing what men …show more content…
As shown in the table, the income levels of women in Essence are double the amount of those in Cosmo, which means that the targeted audience is a big age difference. In table 6, it can be seen that the sexuality of women is different in both magazines. Essence conveys an approach that is more of a feminist saying that women can be independent and they don’t need to have a man. It also advises women to not stay in a relationship where their partner is unfaithful. Meanwhile, in Cosmo women are advised to be the complete opposite. Essence does not accept infidelities and Cosmo advices women to weigh out their options and possibly give their partner a second
Maxim-ized heterosexuality (1997-2000) is the second era and differs from the first era. Conde Nast thought that the magazine’s gayness was holding them back from having a greater target audience. So Caruso and then Golin transformed the music section in the magazine with sports and of women dressed sexily because they wanted a more heterosexual audience. Maxim’s magazine was launched and had sexy cars with sexy, almost naked women pictures. Golin stated that, if you are going to have a general-interest magazine for men – one of men’s general interest is women.
Cosmopolitan is an international magazine for women, and is the best-selling women’s magazine for decades. The notoriously risqué magazine says it is “by women for women.” Also referred as Cosmo, the magazine was published in 1886 in the United States as a family magazine, and eventually became what we know of as a women’s magazine during the late 1960’s. This magazine is published by a for-profit organization called Hearst Magazine and has 64 international editions. It is currently being printed in 35 languages and is being distributed in more than 100 countries. Its boasts more than 3 million in paid circulation each and every month, and 115,000 paid subscribers.
Accordingly, I decided the purposes behind women 's resistance neither renamed sexual introduction parts nor overcame money related dependence. I recalled why their yearning for the trappings of progression could darken into a self-compelling consumerism. I evaluated how a conviction arrangement of feeling could end in sexual danger or a married woman 's troublesome twofold day. None of that, regardless, ought to cloud an era 's legacy. I comprehend prerequisites for a standard of female open work, another style of sexual expressiveness, the area of women into open space and political fights previously cornered by men all these pushed against ordinary restrictions even as they made new susceptibilities.
...ce in society. And the effects of the ideals behind these magazines are all the more powerful because of their subtlety." Women walk away from these magazines with an empty feeling and feelings of many inadequacies and they really don't know exactly why. The subtle undermining of women's intelligence and cause strips away their sense of worth ever so slowly and leaves them feeling depressed and in search of something that really can't exist together. Growing old while staying young takes many years of complete and internal happiness not many years of collagen injections and the added stress of having to stay unattainably perfect. While some consider these journalists for women's magazines talented writers, I consider them horrendous displays of talent in which they sell out the naturally beautiful women of the world for a quick buck and a popular magazine.
...of sexuality in the public arena. As they left the hallowed domestic sphere, women increasingly perceived sexuality as a political, and not simply a private, issue. (4)
Conceptualizations of the public and the private have always been central to the politics of second-wave feminism. The slogan, "the personal is political," implied that private life was often the site, if not the cause, of women's oppression. In 1974, some of the authors of Woman, Culture and Society (Lamphere and Rosaldo 1974), one of the founding texts of academic feminism, asserted that the universal cause of women's oppression lay in their confinement to the domestic sphere. Since that time, anthropologists have modified and complicated their assertions about the private. 1 Many other scholars have turned to confronting the meaning of the public. Joan Landes's anthology represents an important stage in this development.
Cosmopolitan, a magazine geared towards women, was first published in 1866. However, the magazine has dramatically changed over time. The articles featured in Cosmopolitan magazine today would have been shamed many years ago. Cosmopolitan magazine was originally marketed as a fashion magazine, featuring some articles about the home, family and cooking. It’s safe to say it was the “woman’s magazine.” However, now, the magazine is mostly geared towards sex and how a woman can make herself more desirable to men (McGuire). Cosmopolitan sets unrealistic standards for women, oversexualizes women and ignores important intellectual qualities that women possess, all which sets a dangerous example for young women.
In the early 1990s, as a literary activist Marita Golden and fourteen other novelist, poets, and journalist created a collection of essays that articulate various experiences of love, sexuality, relationships, and men. Wild Women Don’t Wear No Blues works as a collection to give voice to women who are often silenced when it comes to sex, love, and men. Golden seeks that collection does not serve as a reaction to oppressive influences that African American women face, but rather this work serves as a space for Black women to share and validate their lived experiences (Golden, XIV). She uses numerous artist, including Audre Lorde, Tina Mc Elroy, Sonia Sanchez, and Ntozake Shange to share in their experience of sexuality through several forms
During the 1960s, American culture took a drastic turn. With the growing availability of birth control and the rise of counter culture, women were finally given the ability explore their sexuality without the intense stigmas that existed decades prior (Brinkley 731). Yet as the sixties led into the seventies, a rapid growth of social conservativism began to eat away at this sexual revolution. Though the conservative views did bring back a negative stigma on sex, it could not bring back the more traditional view of what sex should be. This mix of two cultures gave birth to a double standard for women and their sexualities that exists to this day. In Susan Minot’s short story “Lust,” our narrator, an unnamed teenage girl, brings us through her sexual exploration during a
Women’s Studies classes must be open for considerable discussion and debate regarding the Third Wave agenda, as this new movement can draw on anything from previous waves, as well as anything else feminists feel is important enough to discuss. As several of the issues of Third Wave are touchy subjects, such as transexuality, pornography, and women’s feelings towards their bodies, the class must be open for the consideration of others opposing points of view.
Conventional women’s magazines including fitness magazines have traditionally fallen short of providing empowering images of women in articles and advertisements. In the 1980s, fitness magazines catering to females were launched for fitness oriented women (Hardin et al 105). Magazines that were targeted at women’s fitness were analyzed regarding how they portray women in not only articles but advertisements as well. Oxygen, Self and Shape are all fitness magazines that provide articles and images of women regarding fitness and health. All three mainly depicted Caucasian women as having the perfect body consisting of being fit, muscular and healthy. However, in achieving these characteristics the magazines are depicting these individuals as sexual objects making them wear minimal clothing and are proving unrealistic goals that are unattainable by majority of the women. According to Flegal et al the prevalence of obesity amongst women in 2007-2008 was 35.5% compared to men who were at 32.2% (235). This indicates that there is a need for women to become more active in order to sustain healthy weight maintenance, however in doing so they are portraying women in a more negative than positive manner. Women in fitness magazines are depicted as having a healthy weight and being the perfect individual but, their images in articles and advertisements are depicting them as being sexual objects mainly to the benefit of men.
In Airbrushed Nation, Nelson (2012) shines a light on the differences between how men and women are viewed by the majority of the magazine industries. With regards to the media’s influence on its readers, although magazines have their quirks in modern society, critics say that the media, including magazines been negatively influencing many individuals, majority being females, with their excessively photoshopped models, false advertising and articles, and controversial ideals for years on end. Furthermore, the sole purpose of providing false standards and content with magazines is to ultimately bring sales up in order to keep the magazine industries
Magazine’s brutal honesty and their diversity from other women’s magazines is what makes it a threat to other commercial sources. ABC Nightly News anchor, Harry Reasoner, had a four minute feature on Ms. in 1972 when the magazine’s first issue was released. “I’ll give it six issues before they’d run out of things to say,” exclaimed the newscaster (qtd. in Chideya, “‘Ms’ Magazine Turns 35”). Helen Gurley Brown, editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan Magazine expressed her feelings on Ms: “Ms. felt I was the enemy. They said Cosmo was trying to turn women into sex objects. I said ‘I certainly hope so.’ I always said you could be attractive, beautiful, sexual, and you could still run General Motors” (qtd. in Beyette, “The Revolution Has Just Begun”). Commercial industries, such as ABC Nightly News and Cosmopolitan Magazine, feared the new women’s magazine because it fearlessly shed light on critical issues, unlike any other magazine. Rather than writing about sexual appeal, Ms. created a watershed event in the magazine industry by being the first mainstream media source to write about sexual harassment (“Ms. Magazine Celebrates 40th Anniversary”). Ms. set itself apart from the norm, yet again, by publicly releasing appalling reports on domestic violence, abortion, and date rape (Moore, “Ms. Magazine and Wonder Woman 40 Years Later”). Along with other media sources, advertising companies were negligent to fund a magazine that empowered all natural women. Ms.’ 1980 issue cover, featuring Soviet women feminists protesting war in Afghanistan, kept Revlon Inc. from signing a long term advertisement contract with Ms. because the women featured wore no makeup. It took 8 years for a beer ad in the magazine, 10 years for a car ad, and 4 years for airlines because they were unconvinced that women really do travel on business trips (Carmody, “The Media Business-Ms. Magazine Returns with New Spirit, but Without Ads”). Feminine advertising companies were not sponsoring Ms. due to
However, the stigma of openly sexual women was not eliminated therefore marking down women's sexual freedom because of the stigma they carry in society.In conclusion, chapter by chapter hooks highlights how feminist theory repeatedly excluded non-white and working class women by ignoring white supremacy as a racial problem and by disregarding the highly psychological impact of class in their political and social status all while, in the case of black women, facing three classes of oppression in a racist, sexist and capitalist state. Throughout the book the author defines feminism, the meaning of sisterhood, what feminism is to men in addition to brushing upon power, work, violence and education. Although I found some elements of this book problematic hooks' critiques of feminist theory and the movement are well-presented, piercingly direct and remain relevant.
Magazines offer many opportunities for teenagers to consider and investigate their sexuality. In particular, sexuality advices and stories in magazines enables teenagers to understand personal sexual issues or problems that they might be having in a healthier light. Post-feminism attitudes have become very popular in teenage magazines for both male and female readers, this is partly because prior to the feminism movement women were never seen as having much sexual desire for men and women generally didn’t feel comfortable expressing their sexual attributes or sexuality. I will be examining three studies in this essay all by the same author ‘Sue Jackson’ involving textual analyses of problem pages, interviews with magazine staff and focus groups with readers of the magazine (“Dear Girlfriend” 286). Each article examines letters written to the advice pages of an Australasian teen magazine Girlfriend in relation to sexual desire and sexual health problems. This essay will argue how teenage magazines express the post-feminism culture and thus can contribute to safe sex messages in advice pages/letters