Various studies have explored the relationship between atmospheric conditions on periodic cycles of bird migration, however, there are limited knowledge on how weather condition really affect birds migration on an individual fitness level. The informations gathered were not sufficient to describe the birds internal self-sustained circadian rhythm and the external signal to guarantee suitable departure and arrival timing of migration. This research elaborated on the factors contributing to the timing of migration by using a long-term statistical dataset covering longitudinal range in northwestern Europe. The environment conditions including: spring vegetation in Europe, local spring temperature in northern Europe and the North Atlantic Oscillation index.
The phenological data were derived from spring data on migratory passerines from various remote islands: Heligoland in the North Sea, Christians, and Jury in the Baltic Sea. A standard of 20 birds captured and observed per season at each ringing station for at least 12 years were incorporated in the research. Various species were excluded from the study due to segregation migration route. These specification narrowed down 12 species which six of these are short-distance migrants and the other six are long-distance migrants.
The environmental data consist of monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an average monthly temperature of local weather station, and the winter index. The NDVI demonstrate an approximation of ecological condition between regions and years. By calculating the average of different weather stations and take the mean of each of the month of spring, an overall provincial temperatures for the months can be calculated. This was necessarily due to...
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... in weather condition will drastically affect the migratory bird populations if only a small fraction of the migratory bird can adapt to changes in environment.
Evidence of global warming driven the phenological changes in species is quickly elevating. The limited knowledge of the control mechanism of bird migration genetically, physiologically and behaviorally restrict the ability of scientists to predict the significant affect of environment changes for migratory bird. The lacks of understand toward phenological changes in individual species disable scientist to devise a plan for future protection of the migratory organism.
Works Cited
Anders P. Tøttrup, Kalle Rainio, Timothy Coppack, Esa Lehikoinen, Carsten Rahbek,and Kasper Thorup. 2010 “Local Temperature Fine-Tunes the Timing of Spring Migration in Birds.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 50:293-304.
It is an unquestioned fact that the climate is changing. There is abundant evidence that the world is becoming warmer and warmer. The temperature of the global land average temperature has increased by about 8.5 degrees centigrade from 1880 to 2012 (Karr, et al 406). The one or two degrees increase in temperature can cause dramatic and serious consequences to the earth as well as humans. More extreme weather occurs, such as heat waves and droughts. The Arctic Region is especially sensitive to global climate change. According to the data in recent decades, the temperature in the Arctic has increased by more than 2 degrees centigrade in the recent half century (Przybylak 316). Climate change has led to a series of environmental and ecological negative
Atmosphere: The atmosphere affects the temperature and wind which are both things that are a large concern for the Golden Eagle. The temperature and the change between cold winter months and warm summer months changes wh...
8. Taylor, Dan. 1998. Audubon Society Inspired to Action by Bird Die -offs . 17 Jan. 1998 . E-mail . Available bkus@sunstroke.sdsu.edu
fauna will start to creep out of hiding. The few summer months are used by many
In the past hundred years, the human race has expanded almost everything in the United States of America, such as our agriculture practices, the size of our cities, and the sheer amount of expansion in business and it has affected one group of animals in particular, waterfowl. Due to these advancements, the human race has caused the climate to change, and according to an research by Jennifer Reilly “Climate change is an global problem that affects all species of waterfowl and the wetlands they inhabit” (Reilly 2017). Humans have impacted the life of waterfowl in such extreme levels of magnitude, that humans have almost become part of waterfowls life. Cites have become almost refuges for geese as mentioned in the study titled Survival
American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) are a species of bird found in the family Corvidae, a family that also includes magpies, nutcrackers, and jays (Eastman, 1997). According Eastman’s book Birds of Forest, Yard, and Thicket, there are around forty-two Corvus species, and most of them live in the Northern Hemisphere (1997). American Crows in the United States usually do not migrate, but they do migrate in Canada. Not all American Crows migrate, but they are social birds who form wintertime flocks that sometimes reach over 200,000 birds (Burton et al., 2010).
Smith, Gene. "Lost Bird." American Heritage 47.2 (1996): 38. MAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Web. 6 Apr. 2015.
Shwartz, M. (2003). Effects of global warming already being felt on plants and animals worldwide. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from http://news.stanford.edu/pr/03/root18.html
The aftermath of El Niño on Darwin 's finches was the result of more than two thousand finches. Also, the wetness resulted in a game change for the Tribulus and for the finches who ate small-seed crops.
"The Consequences of Global WarmingOn Wildlife." Consequences of Global Warming. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. .
The body seems to be slower. Motivation to do anything takes a hit. In fact, in a survey taken in Maryland, over 90% of the people surveyed reported that they noticed a change in mood, behavior, and energy levels with the change of seasons.... ... middle of paper ...
Leboeuf, Eugene A. and Kaskela, Alicia. “BASH risk: What will the oil spill mean for bird migration?” Wingman. 4.1 (2011): 30-32. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Alabama Virtual Library. 18 Apr. 2011 .
Climate Change is any substantial change in climate that lasts for an extended period of time. One contributor to current climate change is global warming, which is an increase in Earth’s average temperature. Plants and animal species throughout the world are being affected by rising temperatures. Many plants are flowering earlier now than they once did; animals, such as the yellowbellied marmot, are emerging from hibernation earlier; and many bird and butterfly species are migrating north and breeding earlier in the spring than they did a few decades ago, all because of slight changes in temperature cues. (Shuster)
Climate change is one of the major issues surfacing on Earth over the past century. The earth’s temperature has increased over the years, leading to detrimental effects on the economic and life sources of people, especially that of agricultural production and livestock. The Merriam-Webster online dictionary (2014), defined climate change as a change in global climate patterns apparent from the mid late 20th century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, (2007) predicts that by 2100 the increase in global average surface temperature may be between 1.8° C and 4.0° C. With increases of 1.5° C to 2.5° C, approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species are expected to be at risk of extinction. Moreover, the IPCC (2007) purported that climate change has severe consequences for food security in developing countries.
Birds are a species that will be affected by a change in the climate. Global warming might result in birds finding a more permanent home in northern areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The ecosystems of fish will be affected by global warming in a variety of ways. The chemical composition of water could be changed.